Ukulima okuqondile kusabalala kulo lonke elaseYurophu futhi kwenziwa ucwaningo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezitshalo ezintsha. Kodwa kusenezinselele okufanele zinqotshwe.
Izakhiwo zamahhovisi ezingenalutho, lapho izitshalo zingakhula zinqwabelene phezu kwesinye, ungqimba ngemva kongqimba. Noma esitsheni esisendaweni yakini, ukulima okuqondile kunikeza amathuba amaningi. Ungatshala izilimo noma kuphi lapho uthanda khona. Awuzidingi izinkambu zakho. Ukulima kuyasimama, kuyasebenza futhi kulawulwa ngokugcwele. Awudingi noma yimiphi imithi yokubulala izinambuzane, akukho kukhishwa kwezakhamzimba futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kuphakathi kwamalitha amabili kuya kwangu-2 kuphela ngekhilogremu yemifino. Kusenenkinga enkulu: ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Sisasebenza kanzima kulokho.
Ukulima okuqondile kuyanda kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ilungele ikakhulukazi ukulima izitshalo ezindaweni zasemadolobheni lapho indawo iphezulu kakhulu. Ingaqinisekisa ngisho nokuvikeleka kokudla emazweni angajwayelene kangako nezolimo ezivamile. Kodwa nakuba izitshalo zokuqala sezidayiswa kwamanye amazwe, ngokuqinisekile kuzothatha iminyaka eminingana ngaphambi kokuba imikhiqizo evela emapulazini amile ifinyelele emashalofini ezitolo ezinkulu ngobuningi.
Ukushintsha ukudla nokwanda kwesidingo
Kanye nenyama ekhulisiwe, ukulima okuqondile kuvame ukwethulwa njengesixazululo esibalulekile sokulwa nezinkinga zokudla ezizayo. Kodwa kungani sidinga amapulazi amile noma kunjalo? Kungani singaqhubeki sikwenza ngendlela yakudala, njengoba besikwenza eminyakeni eyizi-10,000 edlule?
Isidingo sokudla sikhula minyaka yonke. Ngokusho kweZizwe Ezihlangene, inani labantu emhlabeni lizokhula libe ngabantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-9.7 ngo-2050. Bonke laba bantu badinga ukudla. Kodwa ukutshala izitshalo ngendlela evamile kuba inkinga ekhulayo. Ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, izimo zokukhula ziyashintsha, ukuze ungabe usakwazi ukutshala izilimo lapho ubukwazi ukutshala khona. Izehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi neziphepho ezinamandla zicekela phansi izitshalo eziningi minyaka yonke. Kanti kwezinye izindawo inhlabathi ayinawo umsoco kunakuqala.
Kanye nokuhlangabezana nesidingo sesikhathi esizayo sokudla okusha, imikhuba yethu yokudla nayo ihluke kakhulu kweyekhulunyaka edlule. “Asisadli ngamasizini. Ebusika sidla amasaladi namajikijolo esiwathenga kwamanye amazwe,” kusho isikhulu esiphezulu u-Anders Riemann weNordic Harvest, ipulazi elikhulu kunawo wonke eYurophu.
Abalimi epulazini elimile bagqoka izingubo zokuzivikela ukuze bavikele amagciwane angafuneki ukuba angene epulazini. Ngale ndlela bangagwema ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane.
Isivuno sasehlobo esivela e-Arctic
Amapulazi aqondile angakhiwa cishe noma yikuphi. Okusho ukuthi akusadingeki ungenise ama-kiwi evela eNew Zealand, kodwa ungawatshala epulazini elinjalo esifundeni sakho. Lokhu konga inani elikhulu le-CO2 ekhishiwe.
Isebenza kanjani?
“Kimina, ukulawula okuphelele kuyinzuzo enkulu yokulima okuqondile. Singakwazi ukwenza kahle inqubo futhi sazi kahle ukuthi sifuna ukukhula kangakanani nokuthi sikuliphi izinga,” kusho u-Leo Marcelis, uprofesa we-Horticulture and Product Physiology e-Wageningen University & Research.
Kusukela ekuhlinzekeni kwamanzi kuya emini, izinga lokushisa, kanye nokufinyelela kumaminerali nama-bacteria. Ukulima okuqondile kwenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwa kakhulu. Izitshalo zitshalwa endlini, ngamalambu e-LED esikhundleni sokukhanya kwelanga. Amalambu e-LED mancane, aqinile, ayabiza, futhi awakhiphi ukushisa. Njengoba ilanga lishona ekupheleni kosuku, lezi zibani zingakhanya isikhathi eside njengoba kudingeka.
Umlimi angakwazi ukushintsha isigqi semini nobusuku ukuze akhulise isivuno esihle. Emini, izitshalo zakha isitashi emaqabunga, ahleshulwe abe ushukela bese eyiswa kuso sonke isitshalo ebusuku. Ezinye izitshalo zidinga ukukhanya okungaphezu kwamahora ayi-12 ngosuku ukuze zikhule, ezinye zidinga kancane. Ukulima okuqondile kuvumela noma yiluphi uhlobo lwesitshalo ukuthola inani lokukhanya kwasemini esiludingayo ukuze lukhule kahle kakhulu.
Ukukhula okunemibala ehlukene yokukhanya
Imibala yalezi zibani ibaluleke kakhulu ukuthuthukisa isivuno sokukhula. Abacwaningi bagxile kakhulu emthelela wokukhanya okubomvu, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuluhlaza ekukhuleni kwezitshalo. Ukukhanya okubomvu kusebenza kahle kakhulu ekwenzeni i-photosynthesis, kodwa izitshalo nazo zidinga ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okuwusizo ikakhulukazi ekukhiqizeni i-chlorophyll. Okwesikhathi esithile, abacwaningi bafuna ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kokukhanya okuluhlaza, bekholelwa ukuthi akuzange kube nomthelela ekwenzeni i-photosynthesis.
Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwango-2016 oluvela e-Utah State University lubonisa ukuthi ukukhanya okuluhlaza kungashayela i-photosynthesis ukwehlisa amaqabunga ngendlela ephumelelayo kunokukhanya okubomvu noma okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Umlimi angasebenzisa inhlanganisela yemibala eyahlukene ukuze agcizelele izici ezihlukahlukene. Ngenhlanganisela efanele, umlimi angatshala izitshalo ezinomsoco kakhulu kunokulima okuvamile. Lokhu kungaba wusizo njengoba izitshalo eziningi zingenamsoco emashumini eminyaka amuva nje. Enye inhlanganisela ingasetshenziswa ukukhulisa izinga lokukhula ukuze kukhiqizwe ukudla okwengeziwe ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngokombono wezomnotho, lokho kungaba yinto efiselekayo, njengoba ukulima okuqondile kusalokhu kubiza kakhulu.
Kodwa kunezizathu ezengeziwe zokuthi kungani le ndlela ithandwa kangaka. Ukulima okuqondile akudingi izibulala-zinambuzane. Abalimi bangatshala inani eliqondile lezitshalo abazifunayo, phakathi nesikhathi esimisiwe kanye nezinga elithile elikhethwe yibona. Isimo sezulu noma izimo zonyaka azisaphazamisi ukukhiqizwa. Ukudla okwengeziwe kungatshalwa endaweni encane.
Ezolimo ezingenawo amasimu
Ukulima okuqondile namuhla kuza ngezindlela ezimbili: i-hydroponic ne-aeroponic. Ngokuka-Leo Marcelis, womabili amasu ayindlela enhle kakhulu. Ku-hydroponics, izitshalo zikhula emashalofini nezimpande zawo emanzini agcwele izakhamzimba esikhundleni senhlabathi. Kuthathwa njengokulula kwezinhlelo ezimbili eziyinhloko.
I-Nordic Harvest inepulazi lokuhlola eduze kwase-Copenhagen lapho itshala khona izinhlobo ezahlukene zamasaladi, i-kale nesipinashi. Ipulazi lizungezwe ezinye izakhiwo zezimboni. Yisakhiwo esilingana nenkundla yebhola. Ngo-2023, inkampani ifuna ukwanda ngepulazi e-Oslo, kulandele amapulazi aseScandinavia naseFinland.
NgokukaRiemann, umthamo wamanje wokukhiqiza weNordic Harvest usuyabonakala: “Sikhiqiza cishe amathani ayi-1000 emifino ngonyaka. Imakethe yaseDenmark iqukethe amathani angaba ngu-20,000 ngonyaka. amathani angu-6,000 XNUMX alinywa ngendlela evamile kanti amanye athengwa kwamanye amazwe.” Imifino iyimifino eluhlaza. Njengoba ukulima okuqondile kwanda, kuzokwenza amaphesenti amakhulu okukhiqizwa kokudla. Ezinye izinkampani ezitshala izitshalo emapulazini amile iJones Food Company e-Great Britain, iHydropousse eseFrance kanye noRobbes Lilla Trädgård eFinland.
Izitshalo ezitshalwe emoyeni zinezimpande zazo emoyeni. U-India Langley, umcwaningi wezinhlelo zokudla kanye nomholi we-PR kumhlinzeki wobuchwepheshe bokulima kwangaphakathi u-LettUs Grow, uchaza ukuthi kusebenza kanjani. “Unemibhobho ewuchungechunge enezimbobo ezincane kakhulu owenza ngazo isixazululo sezakhi. Leso sixazululo sisetshenziswa ezimpandeni zezitshalo ezilenga ngokukhululeka.”
I-Aeroponics yathuthukiswa ngeminyaka yawo-1990 lapho i-NASA ibheka izindlela zokutshala izitshalo emkhathini. Ngokwe-US National Center for Appropriate Technology, i-aeroponics “iwuhlelo oluphumelela kakhulu lokuzalanisa izitshalo emapulazini amile.”
Ohlelweni lwe-aeroponic, izimpande zifinyelela kalula kumoya-mpilo. Izinga lokukhula kwesitshalo liphindwe kabili kunelohlelo lwe-hydroponic, lapho lesi sitshalo singamunca umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe emanzini. Ayikasetshenziswa kakhulu njenge-hydroponics, ngenxa yobunzima bayo. Imibhobho esetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ingavaleka kalula noma iphuke. Kodwa i-LettUs Grow isithole isixazululo kule nkinga.
“Izifafaza sizisuse ngokuphelele. Inkungu ikhiqizwa endaweni eyisicaba ngokuphelele, ngakho-ke akukho okuzovala noma ukuphuka. Sikholelwa ukuthi lesi sixazululo esilula sizosivumela ukuthi sithathe i-aeroponics siye esikalini esikhulu kakhulu,” kusho uLangley.
I-LettUs Grow ikhiqiza amasistimu akhulayo alingana esitsheni sokuthumela. Lezi zitsha zihambahamba futhi zingabekwa noma yikuphi lapho kunendawo khona.
Ukulima izinhlanzi nezitshalo ndawonye
Nakuba i-hydroponics kanye ne-aeroponics kungamasu amabili abalulekile ekulimeni okuqondile, akuzona zodwa. Amanye amasu asetshenziswa nawo. EYurophu, izinkampani eziningana zisebenzisa indlela yokuzalanisa i-aquaponic. Ngokufana ne-hydroponics, izitshalo ze-aquaponic zitshalwa nezimpande zazo emanzini. Yilezo zimpande kuphela ezilenga ethangini lapho izinhlanzi zibhukuda khona. Lezi zinhlanzi zikhiqiza imfucuza enomsoco izitshalo ezingaphinde ziyisebenzise.
Izitshalo zimunca umsoco futhi ngaleyo ndlela zihlanze namanzi ezinhlanzi. NgokukaMarcelis, ama-aquaponics azokwenza ingxenye encane yemakethe yokulima eqondile ngokuzayo. “Okuhle wukuthi usebenzisa udoti ezinhlanzini njengokudla kwezitshalo. Kepha qaphela futhi uqiniseke ukuthi ugcina uhlelo lwezitshalo lulungile, ”usho ngale nqubo.
Izinhlobo ezintsha zemifino
Kokubili i-Nordic Harvest kanye ne-LettUs Grow yaqala yaqala ukuzama ukutshala imifino enamaqabunga ngaphambi kokushintshela kumakhambi kanye nemifino emincane. Bese ulandela utamatisi nama-strawberries. NgokukaLangley, amapulazi amaningi amile alandela izigaba ezifanayo zokuthuthuka. Ngezizathu ezinhle. Ziyizilimo ezithambile, ezinenani eliphezulu ezisetshenziswa kakhulu futhi zingamboza izindleko zokukhiqiza. Ziphinde zikhule ngokushesha futhi zincane ngosayizi okusho ukuthi izitshalo eziningi zingatshalwa ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Njengoba umkhiqizo ukhula, kuyenzeka ukuthi kukhule izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo. UMarcelis ucabanga ukuthi eminyakeni embalwa singakwazi ukuthenga izinhlobo ezintsha ezithuthukiswe ngokukhethekile ukutshalwa ziqonde phezulu. Kodwa ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokupheka ezintsha zezitshalo akuyona i-sinecure. Kuthatha iminyaka engu-5-10 ukukhulisa uhlobo olusha lwesitshalo olulungele le ndlela yokulima.
Isitshalo esikahle sincane sinezimpande ezimfushane, sikhula ngokushesha, kulula ukuvunwa futhi sinesivuno esikhulu. Ngaphezu kwezimfanelo zokukhula, 'iresiphi yezitshalo' kufanele futhi iqanjwe ngokucophelela. “Inselelo enkulu wukugcina irekhodi lakho konke okuguquguqukayo okuthinta isitshalo. Udinga imisoco efanele futhi kufanele wenze isiqiniseko sokuthi isitshalo sithola imisoco eqhubekayo ngesikhathi sokukhula,” kusho uRiemann.
Ibiza kakhulu
Kodwa nakuba noma isiphi isitshalo singatshalwa sibheke phezulu, lokhu ngeke kwenzeke esikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo. Izilimo eziyinqwaba njengokolweni nommbila zingatshalwa ngokushibhile kusetshenziswa izindlela ezijwayelekile. “Ngicabanga ukuthi ukulima okuqondile kulungele kakhulu umkhiqizo omusha. Ngobuchwepheshe, singatshala noma yisiphi isilimo, kuhlanganise nokolweni. Kodwa ukulima okuqondile nakho kubiza kakhulu. Ngicabanga ukuthi ukukhulisa lolo hlobo lomkhiqizo ngobuningi ngenani eliphansi akulona iqiniso okwamanje. Ngisho namanje amanani kakolweni ayenyuka ngenxa yempi yase-Ukraine,” kusho uMarcelis.
Noma kunjalo, ezindaweni ezinjengeSingapore nasemazweni anjenge-United Arab Emirates, lapho cishe amaphesenti angu-90 akho konke ukudla kuthengwa kwamanye amazwe, ukukhulisa imikhiqizo enenani eliphansi ngale ndlela kungakhokha. EYurophu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukutshala ukolweni ubheke phezulu kungase kube inketho esikhathini eside, kodwa ngokuqinisekile hhayi eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphezulu
Nakuba ikusasa libukeka liqhakazile ekulimeni okuqondile, kunenkinga eyodwa enkulu. Kudinga amandla amaningi ngakho-ke kubiza kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuqondile kuyahlukahluka epulazini nepulazi, kusuka ohlelweni kuya ohlelweni futhi kuya ngendawo, inkathi kanye nezitshalo. Isibonelo, inkampani yaseGreece isebenzisa u-2.87 kWh wamandla ebusika ukuze ikhiqize ikhilogremu elilodwa likalethisi, kodwa kuphela i-1.73 kWh ehlobo. I-Finnish iFarm ibale ukuthi ukukhulisa ulethisi wabo izinsuku ezingama-90 kubiza u-62.26 kWh ngem2 ngayinye. Kuma-strawberries, lokho kungu-117.10 kWh ku-m2 ngayinye.
Ukusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kwamandla uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela ezivamile kuphakathi kwamaphesenti angu-14 no-251, kuye ngokuthi indawo yokugcina ukushisa kanye nepulazi eliqondile litholakala kuphi.
I-Wageningen University & Research kanye ne-Delft University of Technology benze ucwaningo lapho beqhathanisa khona izindawo zokugcina izithombo namapulazi amile, okubhekiselwa kuwo ocwaningweni njengezimboni zezitshalo. Lokhu kwakuphathelene nezindawo zokugcina izithombo kanye namapulazi aqondile atholakala eNetherlands, United Arab Emirates naseSweden ngokulandelana. Ezweni lakamuva, zombili izindlu zokugcina izithombo ezinokukhanya okwenziwa nezingenazo zifakiwe ekuqhathanisweni.
Ukukhiqizwa kwekhilogremu eyodwa ye-lettuce enesisindo esomile kudinga ukufakwa kwe-247 kWhe efekthri yezitshalo, uma kuqhathaniswa no-70, 111, 182 kanye no-211 kWhe ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo eNetherlands, United Arab Emirates naseSweden ngokulandelana (ngaphandle nangaphandle kokufakelwa okwengeziwe. ukukhanya),” kusho ososayensi ocwaningweni.
Ezimweni zezulu ezinzima, umehluko ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla phakathi kwezindlela ezimbili ezikhulayo uyehla. Amapulazi aqondile angase abe inketho eyonga amandla kakhulu kwezinye izimo zezulu ezibucayi. Kodwa ngisho nase-arctic enyakatho yeSweden nasezimeni eziwugwadule zase-UAE, izindawo zokugcina izithombo zingase zibe indlela engabizi kakhulu yokukhula.
Lungiselela
Amapulazi amile angayinqoba inkinga yokusetshenziswa kukagesi okuphezulu ngokwezinga elithile ngokuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa. Ngokulungisa kahle ukukhanya kwe-LED nombala, ungathonya kokubili isikhathi sokukhula kanye nekhwalithi yezitshalo. Izindleko zokukhiqiza ipulazi nazo zingancishiswa njengoba ipulazi liya lizisebenzela. Amarobhothi asebenza 24/7 ukuze afake imisoco ngesikhathi esifanele, aqaphe ukukhula kwesivuno kanye nokuvuna lapho isitshalo sesivuthiwe kungaba utshalomali lokuqala olumba eqolo.
Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amarobhothi akhokhela izindleko ngomsebenzi wawo oqhubekayo. Naphezu kwesidingo esikhulu samandla kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo ezilinganiselwe ezishibhile ngokwanele ukuba zikhule, ukulima okuqondile kuya ngokuduma. Nakuba kuzothatha isikhashana ngaphambi kokuthi uthole ama-strawberries akho esitsheni sokutshala endaweni yangakini.
Umthombo: https://innovationorigins.com