Umhlahlandlela Wokulima Utamatisi Kwabaqalayo:
Isihloko esilandelayo sinikeza ulwazi mayelana "Ukutshala Utamatisi", "Indlela Yokukhulisa Utamatisi", Utamatisi ukulima amasu.
Utamatisi uyisitshalo senkathi efudumele, udinga isimo sezulu esifudumele nesipholile. Izitshalo azikwazi ukumelana nesithwathwa kanye nomswakama ophezulu. Futhi, ukukhanya kokukhanya kuthinta umbala, izithelo umbala, isethi yezithelo. Lesi sitshalo sithinteka kakhulu ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibi. Kudinga ububanzi besimo sezulu esihlukene ukuhluma kwembewu, ukukhula kwezithombo, isethi yembali nezithelo, kanye nekhwalithi yezithelo. Izinga lokushisa lingaphansi kuka-100C nangaphezulu 380I-C ithinta kabi izicubu zezitshalo ngaleyo ndlela ibambezele imisebenzi yomzimba. Ikhula kahle emazingeni okushisa ayi-100C kuya ku-300C enebanga lokushisa eliphezulu ngu-21-240C. Izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi lingaphansi kuka-160C nangaphezulu 270C ayifiseleki. Lesi sitshalo asikwazi ukumelana nesithwathwa, sidinga imvula ephansi kuya emaphakathi, futhi senza kahle ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa lanyanga zonke eliphakathi kuka-21 kuya ku-23.0C. Gwema ukucindezeleka kwamanzi kanye nesikhathi eside esomile ngoba kubangela ukuqhekeka kwezithelo. Ukukhanya kwelanga okukhanyayo ngesikhathi sokumiswa kwezithelo kusiza ukuthuthukisa izithelo ezinombala obomvu obumnyama.
Funda: Izinzuzo Zokutshala Amaqabunga Aluhlaza.
Izinhlobo zikatamatisi:
Izinhlobo ezithuthukisiwe:
Arka Saurabh, Arka Vikas, Arka Ahuti, Arka Ashish, Arka Abha , Arka Alok, HS101, HS102, HS110, Hisar Arun, Hisar Lalima, Hisar Lalit, Hisar Anmol, KS.2, Narendra Tomato 1, Narendra Red Tomato 2, Pusa Plum, Pusa Early Dwarf, Pusa Ruby, Co-1, CO 2, CO 3, S-12, Punjab Chhuhara, PKM 1, Pusa Ruby, Paiyur-1, Shakthi, SL 120, Pusa Gaurav, S 12, Pant Bahar, I-Pant T3, i-Solan Gola ne-Arka Meghali.
Izinhlobo ezihlanganisiwe ze-F1:
Arka Abhijit, Arka Shresta, Arka Vishal, Arka Vardan, Pusa Hybrid 1, Pusa Hybrid 2, COTH 1 Hybrid Tomato, Rashmi, Vaishali, Rupali, Naveen, Avinash 2, MTH 4, Sadabahar, Gulmohar kanye neSonali.
Izimfuneko Zezinga Lokushisa zokutshala utamatisi:
Sr. Cha |
izigaba | Izinga lokushisa (0C) | ||
Minimum | Ifanele | Isikhulu | ||
1. | Ukuhluma kwembewu | 11 | 16-29 | 34 |
2. | Ukukhula kwezithombo | 18 | 21-24 | 32 |
3. | Isethi yezithelo (usuku) (ebusuku) |
10 | 15-17 | 30 |
18 | 20-24 | 30 | ||
4. | Ukuthuthukiswa kombala obomvu | 10 | 20-24 | 30 |
Izidingo Zomhlaba Womhlaba zokutshala utamatisi:
Utamatisi wenza kahle kakhulu emhlabathini omningi wamaminerali, kodwa uthanda i-sandy loam ejulile, ekhishwe kahle. Ungqimba olungaphezulu lomhlabathi kufanele lube nezimbotshana ezinesihlabathi esincane kanye nobumba oluhle endaweni engaphansi. Ukujula komhlabathi okungu-15 kuya ku-20cm kufakazela ukuthi kuhle esitjalweni esinempilo. Ukulima okujulile kungavumela ukungena okwanele kwezimpande emhlabathini onzima wobumba, okuvumela ukukhiqizwa kulezi zinhlobo zenhlabathi.
Utamatisi uyisitshalo esibekezelela ngokusesilinganisweni kuya kuhlu olubanzi lwe-pH. I-pH engu-5.5-6.8 ikhethwa. Nokho utamatisi izitshalo zizokwenza kahle enhlabathini ene-acidic eyengeziwe enomsoco owanele kanye nokutholakala. Utamatisi uyakwazi ukubekezelela i-asidi inhlabathi ene-pH engu-5.5. Inhlabathi enekhono elifanele lokubamba amanzi, i-aeration, engenawo usawoti ikhethwa ukutshala utamatisi.
Funda: Imishini Yasepulazini Namathuluzi Ezolimo.
Inhlabathi ephakeme kakhulu izinto eziphilayo azinconywa ngenxa yomswakama ophezulu wale midiya nokushoda kwezakhi. Kodwa, njengenjwayelo, ukungezwa kwe eziphilayo Indaba enhlabathini yamaminerali izokwandisa isivuno.
Ukukhetha imbewu yokutshala utamatisi:
Ngemuva kokukhiqizwa kwembewu, imbewu egulayo, ephukile iyalahlwa. Imbewu ye ukuhlwanyela kufanele ikhululeke odabeni lwe-inert. Ukuhluma kwasekuqaleni, okunesibindi, okufanayo ngesimo nobukhulu, imbewu ikhethwa ukuhlwanyela. Imbewu ye-Hybrid evela esizukulwaneni se-F1 inenzuzo ekuhlwanyeleni njengoba inika isithelo sokuqala nesivuno esikhulu, esimelana nezimo zemvelo ezimbi.
Isikhathi sokutshala sokulima utamatisi:
- Utamatisi uyisitshalo esingathathi hlangothi emini ngakho utholakala utshalwe kunoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka.
- Emathafeni asenyakatho kuthathwa izitshalo ezintathu kodwa endaweni ethintekile ngenxa yesithwathwa isitshalo se-rabi asitheli. Isitshalo se-Kharif sitshalwa kabusha ngoJulayi, isitshalo se-rabi ngo-Okthoba - Novemba kanye nesitshalo se-Zaid ezinyangeni zikaFebhuwari.
- Emathafeni aseningizimu lapho kungekho khona ingozi yesithwathwa, Ukufakelwa kabusha kokuqala kwenziwa ngoDisemba-Januwari, Wesibili Juni-Julayi Okwesithathu ngoSepthemba-Okthoba kuye ngezindawo zokunisela ezitholakalayo.
Imbewu katamatisi nokuhlwanyela:
Utamatisi uvame ukutshalwa ngokutshala izithombo emagqumeni nasemiseleni. Ngesikhathi sokufakelwa kabusha, izithombo ziba nzima ngokuchayeka esimweni sezulu esivulekile noma ngokugodla uchelela. Kudingeka izinga lembewu elingu-400 kuya ku-500g/ha.
Imbewu yelashwa nge-Thiram @ 3g/kg yembewu ukuvikela ezifweni ezizalwa yimbewu. Ukwelashwa kwembewu nge-B. naphthoxyacetic acid (BNOA) ku-25 kanye no-50 ppm, i-gibberellic acid (GA3) ku-5-20 ppm kanye ne-chlorophenoxy acetic ku-10 kanye no-20 ppm kutholwe ukuthuthukisa ukukhula nesivuno sikatamatisi.
Imbewu ihlwanyelwa ngoJuni kaJulayi ekwindla Winter isitshalo kanye nembewu yezitshalo zasehlobo zasentwasahlobo ihlwanyelwa ngoNovemba. Emagqumeni, imbewu ihlwanyelwa ngo-March April. Isikhala esinconywayo sesivuno sasekwindla-ebusika singama-75 cm x 60 cm kanye nesitshalo sasehlobo sasehlobo sibe ngu-75 cm x 45 cm.
Funda: I-Snakehead Fish Farming Techniques.
Ukutshala utamatisi:
Faka ipulazi elibole kahle umquba/umquba @ 20-25 t/ha ngesikhathi se ukulungiswa komhlaba futhi uhlanganise kahle nomhlabathi. Umthamo kamanyolo ongu-75:40:25 kg N:P 2O5:K2O/ihektha linganikezwa. Ingxenye yomthamo we-nitrogen, i-phosphorus egcwele kanye nengxenye ye-potash ingase ifakwe njengesisekelo ngaphambi kokutshala. Ingxenye yesine ye-nitrogen nengxenye ye-potash ingase isetshenziswe ezinsukwini ezingu-20-30 ngemva kokutshala. Inani elisele lingasetshenziswa ezinyangeni ezimbili ngemuva kokutshala.
Ukutshalwa kabusha kwezithombo zikatamatisi:
- Ukutshala kabusha kwenziwa emibhedeni emincane eyisicaba noma emiseleni engashoni kuye ngokutholakala kokuchelela.
- Emhlabathini osindayo, kuvame ukutshalwa kabusha emagqumeni futhi ngesikhathi sezimvula kuyasiza ukutshala izithombo emagqumeni.
- Ezinhlobonhlobo/ama-hybrids angapheli, izithombo kufanele zibethelwe kusetshenziswa izinti zoqalo ezingamamitha amabili ubude noma zitshalwe endaweni ebanzi engu-90 cm ububanzi no-15 cm ubude. Izithombo zitshalwa emiseleni endaweni yesikhala esingu-30 cm futhi isitshalo sivunyelwe ukusabalala endaweni ebanzi.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezitshalo zikatamatisi:
Isikhala esinconywayo sesivuno sasekwindla-ebusika singama-75 x 60 cm futhi esitshalweni sasehlobo sasehlobo singama-75 x 45 cm.
Ukulungiswa kweNursery kanye Nokunakekela Utamatisi:
Okuhle umbhede wembewu kufanele kube 60cm ububanzi, 5-6cm ubude futhi 20-25cm ukuphakama. Amagaqa kanye nezibindi kufanele kukhishwe embhedeni wembewu. Engeza i-FYM ehlungiwe nesihlabathi esihle phezu kombhede wembewu. Zilethe ekulimeni okuhle. Geza umbhede nge-Fytolon/Dithane M-45 @ 2-2.5 g/lit lamanzi. Dweba imigqa iqhelelene ngo-10 kuya ku-15cm kubo bonke ubude bombhede wembewu. Hlwanyela imbewu ihlukaniswe kancane emigqeni, cindezela kancane, umboze ngesihlabathi esihle bese uvala umbhede ngotshani. Nisela nge pink kungaba. Nisela umbhede wembewu kabili ngosuku kuze kube yilapho imbewu iqhuma. Khipha utshani ngemva kokuhluma kwembewu. Faka iThimet encane esigabeni samaqabunga ama-4-5. Fafaza izithombo nge-Metasystox/Thiodan @ 2-2.5 ml/lit wamanzi kanye ne-Dithane M-45 @ 2-2.5 g/lit yamanzi.
Ukulawula ukhula ukuze kutshalwe utamatisi:
- Kunesidingo sokuhlakula okulula phakathi namasonto amane okuqala ensimini okukhuthaza ukukhula kodwa futhi kususe ukhula ensimini. Umhlabathi ongaphezulu uyaxegiswa ngokuhlakula ngesandla ngokushesha nje lapho somile ngokwanele ngemva kokuchelela noma ukugeza. Lonke ukhula kufanele futhi lususwe kule nqubo.
- Ukumboza ngotshani ngotshani, i-polythene emnyama nezinye izinto eziningi kutholakale kunenzuzo ekongeni umswakama, ekulawuleni ukhula nezinye izifo.
Funda: Izinzuzo ze-Biofloc Fish Farming.
Umanyolo osetshenziswa ekulimeni utamatisi:
Njengoba ukukhiqizwa kwezithelo kanye nekhwalithi kuncike ekutholakaleni kwezakhi kanye nokufakwa kukamanyolo ngakho-ke umanyolo olinganiselayo usetshenziswa njengesidingo. I-nitrogen ngobuningi eyanele inyusa izinga lezithelo, ubukhulu besithelo, umbala, nokunambitha. Kuyasiza futhi ekwandiseni ukunambitheka kwe-asidi efiselekayo. Kudingeka inani elanele le-potassium ekukhuleni, ekuvuneni, kanye nekhwalithi. I-Mono Ammonium Phosphate (MAP) ingase isetshenziswe njengomanyolo wokuqala ukunikeza i-phosphorus eyanele ngesikhathi sokuhluma kanye nezigaba zezithombo. Ukutholakala kwe-calcium nakho kubaluleke kakhulu ukulawula i-pH yomhlabathi kanye nokutholakala kwezakhi. Umhlabathi oyisihlabathi uzodinga izinga eliphezulu likamanyolo, kanye nokufakwa kaningi kwalokhu umquba ngenxa yokwanda kwe-leaching yezinto ezibalulekile izakhi. Izithombo zifafazwa ngesisombululo sokuqala se-micronutrient. Ngaphambi kokutshala umquba wasepulazini @ 50 ton ihektha ngalinye kufanele ihlanganiswe. Ngokujwayelekile isilimo sikatamatisi sidinga i-120 kg yeNitrogen (N), 50 kg Phosphorus (P2O5) kanye nePotash engu-50 kg (K2O). I-nitrogen kufanele inikezwe ngemithamo ehlukanisiwe. Ingxenye ye-nitrogen ne-P egcwele2O5 kunikezwa ngesikhathi sokutshala futhi i-nitrogen esele inikezwa ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-30 nezinsuku ezingama-60 zokutshala.
Ukuhlaziywa kwenhlabathi nezicubu kufanele kuthathwe phakathi nenkathi yokukhula neyokukhiqiza ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imisoco ebalulekile inamanani afanele kanye nezilinganiso zazo. Ukuhlaziywa kwezicubu zesitshalo esanele somsoco kuzobonisa isimo esilandelayo somsoco:
nitrogen | phosphorus | potassium | Calcium | magnesium | Sulfure | |
% | 4.0-5.6 | 0.30-0.60 | 3.0-4.5 | 1.25-3.2 | 0.4-0.65 | 0.65-1.4 |
ppm | I-Manganese | Iron | boron | Copper | Zinc | |
30-400 | 30-300 | 20-60 | 5-15 | 30-90 |
Kulesi simo, kuye kwaqashelwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa komanyolo we-inorganic kufanele kuhlanganiswe nawo kuvuselelwe kanye nomanyolo wemvelo ongangeni ndawo, izinsalela zezitshalo kanye nobulongwe obuluhlaza.