I-Botrytis, noma isikhunta esimpunga, esibangelwa ukhunta, i-Botrytis cinerea, ingabangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kumhubhe ophezulu kanye nokukhiqizwa kukatamatisi obamba ukushisa uma kungalawulwa kahle.
I-pathogen ingasakazeka ngokushesha ngezikhathi lapho izakhiwo zivaliwe nalapho umswakama ohlobene uhlala uphakeme isikhathi eside.
Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka lapho isimo sezulu sangaphandle sihlala sipholile futhi siswakama kuyilapho kudingeka ukushisisa. Isikhunta esimpunga sithandwa amazinga okushisa asuka ku-64° ukuya ku-75° F futhi sidinga umswakama ophezulu kuphela (hhayi ubumanzi beqabunga) ukuze kusungulwe. I-pathogen inobubanzi obukhulu bokusingathwa futhi uma isisungulwe esakhiweni esivalekile kungaba nzima kakhulu ukuyilawula (iNyuvesi yaseMassachusetts). Isikhunta singaphila/ebusika njenge-mycelia noma i-sclerotia emfucumfucwini yezitshalo nasodabeni lwenhlabathi ephilayo (North Carolina State University).
I-Botrytis itholakala yonke indawo (isb., itholakala yonke indawo) futhi ikhetha ukuhlasela izicubu zezitshalo ezilimele. I-Botrytis cinerea iyi-saprophyte enhle kakhulu kanye ne-pathogen. Lokhu kusho ukuthi noma isiphi izicubu ezifayo noma ezifile ezitshalweni zikatamatisi (noma yisiphi esinye isitshalo esakhiweni) singatheleleka kalula. I-pathogen izohlasela izimbali, izithelo (ekugcineni kwesithelo esithelelekile noma ngokubangela indawo yesipoki), amaqabunga, neziqu; okubalulekile, izitshalo ezisanda kumiswa noma ezithenwe.
Ukutheleleka ngeziqu kwenzeka ngezikhathi zomswakama ophezulu ngokusebenzisa izibazi zamaqabunga, imifantu, namanxeba okuthena. Ama-spores angahlala alele kuze kube amasonto angu-12 phakathi kwezibazi zamaqabunga futhi zibangelwa ukuhluma ngesikhathi sokucindezeleka kwezitshalo. Izilonda zesiqu zinganwetshwa emasongweni agxilile ukuze zibophe sonke isiqu esibangela ukushwabana ngaphezu kwendawo yokutheleleka (NCSU).
I-Botrytis ingalawulwa ngokuphathwa kwezimo zemvelo, izinqubo zamasiko eziphusile, kanye nokufakwa kwesikhunta.
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, isikhunta esimpunga sithandwa amazinga okushisa asuka ku-64° ukuya ku-75°F futhi sidinga umswakama ophezulu kuphela (hhayi ubumanzi bamaqabunga) ukuze kusungulwe. Gcina umswakama ohlobene uphansi ngokusemandleni ngenhlanganisela yokushisisa nokukhipha umoya kusihlwa, ikakhulukazi uma izinsuku ezifudumele zilandelwa ubusuku obupholile. Gcina ukugeleza komoya okwanele ngamafeni avundlile. Gwema ukuminyana kwezitshalo.
Gcina izinhlelo zokuzala ezifanele. Yenza ukuhlolwa kwezicubu ezijwayelekile. Isikhunta esimpunga siyaziwa ukuthi sithandwa amazinga aphansi e-calcium. Ikakhulukazi, amazinga e-calcium kuya ku-phosphorus angaphansi kuka-2:1 angenza isitshalo sikatamatisi sibe sengozini yokukhunta okumpunga (UMASS). Gcina iphansi nezakhiwo kuhlanzekile kunoma iyiphi imfucumfucu yezitshalo noma izinto eziphilayo. Zonke izitshalo ezisikiwe zidinga ukususwa ngokushesha. Ungasebenzi ezitshalweni ezimanzi, thena izitshalo ekuseni kakhulu uvumele izilonda zome ngokushesha (NCSU).
Izinketho zokulawula
Ukulawula i-botrytis kuqala ngemikhuba yamasiko esebenzayo, ukuqaphela izimo ezifanele ukukhula kwayo, kanye nezimpawu ezitshalweni ezithelelekile. Kunenqwaba yemithi ebulala isikhunta evamile nephilayo ebhalwe ngokulawula kwayo endaweni ebamba ukushisa kanye nomhubhe ophezulu. Sicela ubheke Ithebula E-11 kumhlahlandlela Wezincomo Zokukhiqiza Imifino Ephakathi kwe-Atlantic 2020/2021.
I-greenhouse ventilation
Nikeza umoya omuhle, imini nobusuku, ukugcina izitshalo zomile kanye nomswakama womoya uphansi. Ukugeleza komoya okuhle kuthuthukisa ukungena komoya futhi kunciphisa amathuba okwakheka kwe-condensation. Ukunyakazisa umoya esitshalweni kusiza ukugcina izinga lokushisa lesitshalo nomoya lifana.
Ukuze uthuthukise ukungena komoya:
- vula izimbobo ku-greenhouse lapho amazinga okushisa ekhuphuka ukuze athathele umoya ofudumele omanzi ngomoya opholile
- shisa i-greenhouse ebusuku ukuze unciphise umswakama (uma kushisa, umoya uthatha umswakama)
- gcina umswakama ophansi ebusuku ngomjikelezo wokushisa nokupholisa (ukuphefumula kwezitshalo lapho kukhishwa umhwamuko wamanzi ebusuku kubangela ukuthi amazinga omswakama akhuphuke ezindlini zokugcina izithombo)
- faka inzwa yomswakama ukuvumela ukuvuleka nokuvala okuzenzakalelayo kwama-vents.
Ukuthuthukisa ukujikeleza komoya:
- sebenzisa abalandeli ukuhambisa umoya ngaphakathi kwe-greenhouse
- khetha ukuminyana kwezitshalo okuzovumela ukuhamba kahle komoya phakathi kwezitshalo
- thena njalo ukuze ususe amahlangothi, kanye namahlamvu amadala naminyene ukusiza ukuhamba komoya ezitshalweni
- gwema ukuba manzi kwamaqabunga ngokungalokothi ufutha izitshalo ntambama noma nganoma isiphi isikhathi uma isimo sezulu siwukuthi ukomisa ebusuku kuyoba nzima.