I-Altai State Agrarian University isingathe ingqungquthela yesayensi yamazwe ngamazwe "Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwenhlabathi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemibono yesayensi kwisayensi yomhlabathi", enikezelwe ekugubheni iminyaka engu-90 yokuzalwa kukaSayensi Ohlonishwayo waseRussia Federation, uDokotela weSayensi yezoLimo, uProfesa we Umnyango Wesayensi Yenhlabathi kanye Nezolimo Zase-Altai State Agrarian University Lidia Burlakova (1932-2011). Bangaphezu kuka-80 ososayensi baseRussia, Turkey, Kazakhstan naseBelarus ababambe iqhaza engqungqutheleni. Omunye wezivakashi eziyinhloko kwakungu-Boris F. Aparin, Udokotela Wesayensi Yezolimo, uProfesa waseSt. Petersburg State University, iPhini Likamongameli we-VV Dokuchaev Society of Soil Scientists of Russia, umqondisi wesayensi we-VV Dokuchaev Central Museum of Soil Science ( Petersburg). Usosayensi owaziwayo ukhulume ngokuthi isayensi yomhlabathi isiza kanjani ekuxazululeni izinkinga zokuvikeleka kokudla nokuthi ukulima kwekusasa kufanele kube yini.
- Emphakathini, akuyona inkambiso ukuphatha inhlabathi njengomthombo wamasu wombuso, ngokungafani namafutha negesi, isibonelo. Kwaba yilapho i-Ukraine iqala ukuthengisa i-chernozem entshonalanga lapho abezindaba baqala ukukhuluma ngokubaluleka kwalo mcebo wemvelo. Yiziphi izinselele ezibhekene nesayensi yomhlabathi namuhla?
– Okokuqala nje, kuqinisekisa ukutholakala kokudla. Eqinisweni, ukuxazulula le nkinga, isayensi yomhlabathi njengesayensi yadalwa nguVasily Vasilyevich Dokuchaev ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XIX-XX. Sekukonke, ama-22% kuphela omhlaba emhlabeni wethu athathwe umhlaba ovunde kakhulu olimekayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, phakathi nomlando waso, isintu sesilahlekelwe amahektha angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1 zamazwe anjalo ngenxa yezinqubo zokuwohloka kwenhlabathi, izikhukhula, ukufudukela emadolobheni, njll. ngokuya kancane kancane! Ubuchwepheshe besimanje buvumela kuphela ukuthi sixazulule inkinga yokuzala komhlaba ngezinga elithile. Yebo, singathola isivuno esihle namuhla. Kodwa umbuzo uwukuthi: ngezindleko zani? Lokhu kuzosithinta kanjani isimo senhlabathi esikhathini esizayo?
ERussia, inkinga yemithombo yomhlabathi ibaluleke kakhulu. Cishe u-30% wenhlabathi yethu yonakele. Amahektha ayizigidi ezingama-40, cishe ingxenye yesithathu yomhlaba, asebekhulile, okusho ukuthi, awasalimi.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphandle kokuhlola amandla omhlaba we-agroecological, akunakwenzeka ukuxazulula inkinga yokuvikeleka kokudla kwezwe. Futhi lokhu kuhlolwa kwenhlabathi akukenziwa ngokugcwele.
– Yiziphi izizathu?
- Ingxenye yesizathu ilele kusayensi yenhlabathi ngokwayo, okuthi, ekubeni isayensi encane, ivaliwe ekuzithuthukiseni isikhathi eside, ayizange igxile ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezisetshenzisiwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-agrochemistry yayithuthuka ngenkuthalo ezweni lakithi, okwaba nemiphumela emibi. Kwake kukholakala ukuthi amakhemikhali angaxazulula inkinga yokuvunda komhlabathi. Kodwa manje kwavela ukuthi umphumela wokusetshenziswa kwe-agrochemistry ukuwohloka kwenhlabathi. Phela umhlabathi uwuhlelo oluphilayo, olusebenza ngenkuthalo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngenxa ye-agrochemistry, sifunde ukuphatha kuphela umbuso wokudla wezitshalo. Namuhla kusobala ukuthi izinhlelo zokulima zesimanje kufanele zilondoloze umhlabathi. Kuze kube manje emlandweni wesintu kube nezinhlelo zokulima ezinjalo kuphela ezaholela ekucekeleni phansi kwenhlabathi. Kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokudala izinhlelo zokuvuselela ezolimo.
– Ingabe zikhona ezinye izinselele?
– yebo. Kuyaxaka ukuthi kuze kube manje, isayensi yenhlabathi ibisebenzelana nenhlabathi yezindawo zokulima kuphela. Sengathi inhlabathi yayingekho nhlobo emahlathini?! Kodwa inkinga yokuwohloka kwenhlabathi nayo ibalulekile lapha. Izwe lethu linomnotho omkhulu wamahlathi, futhi amathemba okuthuthukiswa okuphumelelayo kwamahlathi abaluleke kakhulu eRussia. Lokhu akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwesayensi yomhlabathi.
Enye inselelo izinkinga zesimo sezulu eseziphenduke inhlekisa. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuzokuthinta kanjani ukushintsha kwenhlabathi? Ingabe izindawo zabo zokukhulisa amahlathi, ngokwesibonelo, zizoshintsha? Singakhohlwa ukuthi inhlabathi inikela kuze kufike ku-30% we-CO2 ephumayo. Noma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa komhlabathi kuholela ekushintsheni kwaleli nani. Isibonelo, ukulahlekelwa kwe-humus, dehumidification, kuholela ekwandeni kokukhishwa kwe-CO2. Futhi lapha udaba seluvele lungena emkhakheni wezomnotho nezepolitiki, njengoba luhlobene ngqo nokusungulwa nokusatshalaliswa kwezilinganiso zokukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa.
Zonke lezi zinkinga bezizoxazululeka ngokushesha uma kwamukelwa umthetho onhlabathi, osekuphele isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka ososayensi bezama ukuwufeza.
– Umele i-Central Museum of Soil Science ebizwa nge-VV Dokuchaev e-St. I-Altai State Agrarian University ine-Soil Museum kuphela esifundeni. Izinqolobane ezinjalo zezindinganiso zenhlabathi zingalithinta kanjani ikhambi lezinselele ezibhekene nesayensi yomhlabathi yesimanje?
- Izindawo eziningana zokusebenza zithintwa lapha. Okokuqala, naphezu kokuthi iRussia iyindawo yokuzalwa yesayensi yenhlabathi, izinga lethu lolwazi lomphakathi jikelele mayelana nomhlabathi liphansi kunaseYurophu. Ngokubona kwami isikole sinaka kabi izindaba zesayensi yenhlabathi. Ngakho-ke, isimo sengqondo sokungawunaki kahle umhlabathi emphakathini uwonke sesiyakhiwa. Kuyajabulisa ukuthi uhulumeni unqume ukugubha iminyaka eyi-100 ye-VV Dokuchaev Soil Institute ngo-2027. Umsebenzi wenhlangano usuqalile, ohlinzeka ngenani elibalulekile lemisebenzi yezemfundo, engithemba ukuthi izogqugquzela isithakazelo kulo msebenzi, ngo. isihloko sokongiwa kwenhlabathi jikelele.
- Izindawo eziningana zokusebenza zithintwa lapha. Okokuqala, naphezu kokuthi iRussia iyindawo yokuzalwa yesayensi yenhlabathi, izinga lethu lolwazi lomphakathi jikelele mayelana nomhlabathi liphansi kunaseYurophu. Ngokubona kwami isikole sinaka kabi izindaba zesayensi yenhlabathi. Ngakho-ke, isimo sengqondo sokungawunaki kahle umhlabathi emphakathini uwonke sesiyakhiwa. Kuyajabulisa ukuthi uhulumeni unqume ukugubha iminyaka eyi-100 ye-VV Dokuchaev Soil Institute ngo-2027. Umsebenzi wenhlangano usuqalile, ohlinzeka ngenani elibalulekile lemisebenzi yezemfundo, engithemba ukuthi izogqugquzela isithakazelo kulo msebenzi, ngo. isihloko sokongiwa kwenhlabathi jikelele.
- Izindawo zokwenziwa ezisetshenziswa ngenkuthalo namuhla, ngokwesibonelo, kuma-hydroponics, zingagcina zithathe indawo yenhlabathi?
- Ungalokothi! Namuhla, cishe u-95-97% wokudla esikuthola ngokulinywa kwenhlabathi. Okunye kungenxa ye-hydroponics. Lawa ikakhulukazi amapulazi abamba ukushisa. Ukunxephezela ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zomhlabathi, kuzodingeka kwakhiwe izakhiwo ezinkulu ezibamba ukushisa emhlabeni wonke. Akukona okwangempela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiqulu enjalo yokusetshenziswa kwe-hydroponics izodinga inani elifanele lamanzi nogesi, futhi lezi zinsiza nazo azikho insada emhlabeni wethu! Kwezinye izifunda, ngokwesibonelo, enyakatho, i-hydroponics iwukuphela kwendlela yokwenza ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo, futhi lapho kufanelekile.
Olunye uhlangothi izinga lemikhiqizo yezolimo. Isiko le-Hydroponic ngeke linikeze umuntu lokho okunikezwa yimvelo. Ngihlale ngitshela abafundi bami ukuthi: “Umhlabathi ungumzimba onamathambo agcwele amagciwane.” I-microbiome yomhlabathi iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kune-microbiome yomuntu! Ngenxa yokugcwala kwalezi zinambuzane, izinqubo zokubunjwa kwenhlabathi, umsebenzi wayo wokuphefumula, ukukhululwa kwezakhi zombuso wokudla, njll. Cishe njengomuntu. Umhlabathi wuhlelo lwe-polychemical. Iqukethe cishe zonke izakhi zethebula le-periodic, yiqiniso, ngezilinganiso ezihlukene. Umhlabathi wuhlelo lwe-polymineral oluqukethe amaminerali angaphezu kuka-3,000. Konke lokhu ekugcineni kudala izinga elihlukile lokukhululwa kwezakhi zamakhemikhali. Akunakwenzeka ukulingisa, ukudala ngokwenziwa, kodwa bekungeke nje kungabi nanzuzo ngokwezomnotho.
– Ake sibuyele esihlokweni sokugcina amazinga omhlabathi…
- Okokugcina, amasampula emnyuziyamu eyinkomba ye-monoliths yenhlabathi avumela ukuqapha okubuyela emuva kanye nokubikezela izinguquko ezinsizeni zenhlabathi. Isibonelo, sizokwazi yini ukuqinisekisa ukukhula kwemikhiqizo yezolimo kulezi zindawo ezilinywayo ngaphansi kwezimo zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu? Ukuhlaziywa kwe-monoliths yenhlabathi yesakhiwo esingaphazanyiswa esikhethiwe ngezikhathi ezahlukene, esinereferensi enembile yesikhashana nendawo, kusivumela ukuba sakhe amamodeli okubikezela. Kunama-monoliths anjalo angaphezu kuka-400 emnyuziyamu wethu. Kwezinye izifunda zaseRussia, sinama-monoliths akhethiwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili nasenkathini yakamuva, okunikeza isisekelo sokuqhathanisa. Lezi yizifunda zaseLeningrad, Voronezh, Volgograd, lapho i-monoliths iqoqwe khona kusukela ngo-1927. Ngokwesibonelo, senze ucwaningo ngokuqukethwe kwe-radionuclides yemvelo (i-caesium, i-thorium, i-radium, i-potassium-40) kwezinye izindawo zaseYurophu ze-Russian Federation. Kube nezingxabano mayelana nokuthi lezi zakhi zinemvelaphi yemvelo noma okungeyona eyemvelo emhlabathini. Kwavela ukuthi kuma-monoliths akhethiwe ngaphambi kwenkathi yokuqala yokuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi, ayikho i-cesium nhlobo!
Noma, isibonelo, ukuhlaziya okunjalo kusivumela ukuba sinqume ukuthi izitshalo zinomphumela olimazayo kanjani emhlabathini lapho isakhiwo senhlabathi siphazamiseka, ukuguguleka, ukukhishwa kwamanzi, ukuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi, ukuwohloka kwenhlabathi ngokuhla kwesivuno kwenzeka. Ummbila nobhekilanga kungabaholi lapha. Futhi ukwenqatshwa kokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo kwenza isimo sibe sibi kakhulu lapho kukhula lezi zitshalo.
Futhi lokhu kuyingxenye yezinkinga zesayensi yesayensi yomhlabathi. Ngiqinisekile ukuthi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze isayensi yethu izonquma ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo ezintsha zokulima.
Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zihlinzekwa yinkonzo yabezindaba ye-ASAU, eshicilelwe ngamafuphi
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