Masivume—asiyithandi ngempela imbewu. Lokho akulona iqiniso jikelele, kunjalo. Phela, ukudla okuningi empeleni kuyimbewu (ubhontshisi, uphizi, ilayisi, ummbila, ikhofi, ukhokho) noma kuvela embewini (ufulawa, uwoyela), futhi sidinga imbewu ukuze sisakaze izitshalo eziningi. Nokho, uma kuziwa endabeni yamagilebhisi, ikhabe, ubhanana, amawolintshi nezinye izithelo nemifino, imbewu ingaba inkathazo. Imbewu ezithelweni eziningi ihlanganiswa nengxenye esiyidlayo, futhi ayigcini engxenyeni engenakudliwa njengama-apula, noma encane njengama-blueberries nama-strawberries. I-crunch yembewu enkulu ayijabulisi futhi ngaphandle uma kuwumncintiswano, kuvame ukungahambi kahle emphakathini ukuyikhafula. Ngakho-ke, sigxumela ethubeni lokususa imbewu, noma okungenani sinciphise sibe inombolo elawulekayo.
Izitshalo ezingenambewu azivamile, kodwa zikhona ngokwemvelo noma zingasetshenziswa abalimi bezitshalo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amasu onjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo. Azikho izitshalo zamanje ezingenambewu eziyizinto eziphilayo eziguqulwe ngofuzo (GMOs). Njengezinhlelo eziningi zezitshalo, izinyathelo ezimbalwa kufanele zisebenze ngendlela efanele “endleleni” yokukhiqiza umkhiqizo wokugcina (imbewu kulesi simo). Ukuyekethisa kunoma yisiphi isinyathelo esisodwa kuholela ekuhlulekeni. Ukungabi nembewu esitshalweni akusizi ngoba asikwazi ukuzala, yingakho izitshalo eziningi ezingenambewu zisakazwa ngokuxhunyelelwa noma ukusikwa (okuhlukile kwekhukhamba nekhabe). Kodwa-ke, kuyisici esizuzwayo esiqhutshwa ngempova futhi sigcinwe endaweni yezakhi zofuzo kuze kube yilapho inhlanganisela efanele yabazali iphinde yenzeke ukuze kukhiqizwe isitshalo esinezithelo ezingenambewu. Njengoba lokhu kwenzeka ngokwemvelo, futhi abantu beyizidalwa eziqaphelayo, ezifuna ukwazi nezihlakaniphile, uma sesithole into esiyithandayo, siyisebenzisa ngokugcwele. Pho, kungani ezinye izithelo zingenambewu?
Isithelo esimsulwa
Zonke izithelo ezingenambewu ziwela ngaphansi kwesigaba esijwayelekile esibizwa nge-parthenocarpy. I-Parthenocarpy igama lesiGreki elisho “isithelo esimsulwa.” Lesi yisimo lapho izithelo zikhula ngaphandle kokuvundiswa kweqanda (ingxenye yembali okuthi uma ivundisiwe ikhule ibe yimbewu). Kulezi zitshalo, ukuvuthwa kwempova kungase kudingeke noma kungadingeki ukuze kuqalise ukukhiqizwa kwamahomoni ukuze kushukumise udonga lwesibeletho ukuba lukhukhumale futhi lube nezithelo. Kodwa-ke, ukuvundiswa nokuthuthukiswa kwembewu akwenzeki futhi azikho "imikhondo yembewu" noma izinsalela zembewu. Kwezinye izimo, ukuthuthukiswa kwezithelo kungakhuthazwa lapho kungekho impova ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-hormone zangaphandle. Lokhu kungabi nambewu kukhona kwezinye izinhlobo zamakhukhamba, ama-persimmons, amagilebhisi, amawolintshi, amaphayinaphu nezinye. Lolu hlobo lokungabi nambewu luvame ukukhiqiza izithelo ezincane kunezakwabo ezimbewu.
Ezinye izitshalo ezikwazi ukukhiqiza imbewu zingase zibe nempova oyinyumba noma ezinye izizathu ezizenza zingakwazi ukwenza imbewu, futhi ukuze zikhiqize imbewu zidinga impova ngelinye, ilungu elihlukile ngokofuzo lwalolo hlobo. Uma zitshalwe ezinsimini ezinkulu, zizungezwe amakhophi azo afana nofuzo, okuwenza akhiqize isithelo se-parthenocarpic. Amawolintshi amaningi asebenza ngale ndlela.
Ukulandelela imbewu
I-Stenospermocarpy iwuhlobo lwe-parthenocarpy lapho ukuvundiswa kwenzeka khona futhi imbewu iqala ukukhula kodwa ekugcineni inqamule, ishiya ngemuva “umkhondo wembewu” obonakalayo. Izinhlamvu zembewu ziyahlukahluka ngosayizi kuye ngokuthi ukukhula kwembewu kuqhubeke ibanga elingakanani ngaphambi kokuhushula isisu futhi ngokuvamile kuthambile ngokwanele kangangokuthi awanakho ukushwabana kwembewu ekhule ngokugcwele. Lokhu kwenzeka kumagilebhisi amaningi angenambewu, ikhabe nezinye izithelo. Abafuyi bamagilebhisi angenambewu bazuza kakhulu kule nqubo yokukhula kancane ngokususa imbewu esakhulayo ngaphambi kokukhipha isisu futhi bayikhulise ibe izitshalo besebenzisa amasu okukhula kwezicubu. Ngale ndlela, bobabili abazali banesici sokungabi nambewu ngaleyo ndlela bakhiqize inani eliphezulu lenzalo engenambewu.
Ukuphazanyiswa kwenqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwembewu kwenzeka ngenxa yezizathu eziningi. Ikhabe nobhanana akunambewu ngenxa yokuthi kunamaqoqo amathathu ama-chromosome, okuwanika inombolo eyinqaba ukuze asebenze ngayo lapho ekhiqiza impova namangqamuzana amaqanda. Izinto eziningi eziphilayo zinenani elilinganayo lama-chromosome, ngakho amangqamuzana eqanda kanye nempova athola inani elilinganayo lama-chromosome aqukethe izakhi zofuzo, isb, i-DNA, ukuze ahlangane enze inzalo. Lapho ama-triploid enza amaqanda nempova, inqubo ikhiqiza inombolo eyinqaba, okuholela ekutheni iqanda nempova ingakutholi ukunconywa okulinganayo kwe-chromosome, ngakho-ke ayinalo ulwazi oludingekayo ukuze ikwazi ukusebenza. Impova evela kuma-triploid ngokuvamile ibonakala ishwabene futhi yakheke kabi.
Ukuwela
Izinto eziphilayo ezi-Triploid zenzeka ngokwemvelo noma zingathuthukiswa ngokuwela i-diploid (amasethi amabili ama-chromosome) ne-tetraploid (amasethi amane ama-chromosome) ukuze kukhiqizwe i-triploid. Endabeni yekhabe, impova idinga ukwenzeka ukuze isithelo sikhule futhi njengoba impova ye-triploid ingaqhumi, izinhlobo ze-diploid ziyatshalwa ukuze kuhlinzekwe impova esebenzayo ukuze kutholwe izithelo ngaphandle kokukhula kwembewu okuphelele. Izinhlamvu ezimhlophe zembewu zibonakala kalula kukhabe
I-Stenospermocarpic seedlessness kuwo wonke amagilebhisi afundwayo kuze kube manje konke kungenxa “yokuguquka kwamaphuzu” okuyingozi okwenzeka ngokwemvelo esigabeni se-chromosome yamagilebhisi ebhekele ukukhula kwembewu. Abaningi basebenzisa igama elithi ukuguqulwa noma i-mutant esimweni esibi, kodwa izinguquko eziningi esizithola zifiseleka zenzeka ngokwemvelo.
Kwenziwa umzamo wokuthuthukisa ama-cherries angenambewu. Nokho, kunomehluko phakathi “komgodi” nembewu. Umgodi yizicubu eziqinile, ezinamatshe ezizungeze imbewu eminqumo, ama-cherries, amapentshisi, ama-plums namabhilikosi futhi awuyona ingxenye yembewu. Abacwaningi bakwazile ukwakha ama-cherries angenambewu kodwa hhayi angenamigodi.
Ukungabi nembewu kungase kushintshe noma kungasishintshi isimo sesithelo. Imbewu esithelweni ingasiza ekudonseni amandla kanye nezakhamzimba ezicini ezishintsha isithelo ezifana namazinga omsoco kanye noshukela, ubukhulu besithelo, inombolo yesithelo, isikhathi sokuvuthwa nokunye. Abafuyi bezitshalo nabe-horticulturalists benze umsebenzi omuhle besebenzisa izindlela ezijwayelekile zokuzalanisa kanye nezindlela zokukhiqiza ukunqoba le mikhawulo.
Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe:
Michigan State University
www.canr.msu.edu