Ukwethulwa komkhankaso we-NASA we-Artemis 1 wokuya eNyangeni ngoNovemba kwaphawula esinye isinyathelo ohambweni oluzoholela ngolunye usuku kubantu abavakashela umakhelwane wethu oseduze weplanethi, i-Mars. Umsebenzi womuntu uzogcina ulandela ezithendeni zemikhumbi-mkhathi yamarobhothi amaningi, okwakamuva kakhulu okuwukuhlala kwe-Perseverance rover emhlabeni obomvu ngo-February 2021. Ohambweni lwabantu oluya ku-Mars kunezinkinga eziningi zobuchwepheshe okufanele zixazululwe, okubalulekile phakathi kwazo. ukuba yisivikelo emisebeni yelanga kanye nempilo yezisebenzi, okuhlanganisa nendlela engcono kakhulu yokuhlinzeka ngokudla okunomsoco. Okugxilwe kukho kanye nenselelo kochwepheshe abaningi abafunda lokhu kwakamuva indlela yokugwema ukushiyeka okucashile okubangelwa ukusetshenziswa njalo kokudla okufriziwe. Ukutholakala kokudla okusha ngokusobala kuzoba yinzuzo enkulu yezempilo kanye nengqondo, futhi ngenxa yalokhu kuyodingeka ukukhula nokuvuna izitshalo endleleni. Kulesi sihloko, ababhali babuyekeza idatha yamanje kanye nocwaningo mayelana nokudla, izinzuzo zezokwelapha nezengqondo, nezindlela ezingenzeka zokutshala izitshalo endaweni ejulile.
Ngokwe-NASA, izingozi ezinkulu ezinhlanu zivela phakathi nokundiza emkhathini okude: imisebe yasemkhathini, ukuhlukaniswa nokuvalelwa, ibanga ukusuka eMhlabeni, amandla adonsela phansi aphansi, nendawo enobutha nevaliwe yomkhumbi-mkhathi. Izitshalo eziphilayo kanye nokudla okusanda kutshalwa kungase kudlale indima enkulu ekusekeleni ezintathu zalokhu: umsoco, izidingo zezokwelapha kanye nengqondo yezisebenzi.
Nutrition
Ibhalansi yokudla okunomsoco okunikeziwe ohambweni lwasemkhathini kufanele ivumelane kahle neqembu ukuze liqhubeke nohambo olude linempilo enhle.
Ibhalansi yokudla okunomsoco okunikezwayo ohambweni lwasemkhathini kufanele ihambisane kahle neqembu ukuze liqhubeke nohambo olude linempilo enhle. Njengoba ukufakwa kabusha okuvela eMhlabeni kuzoba nzima, ukunquma ukudla okulungile kanye nesimo sakho esinembayo kuwumgomo obalulekile.
Ukugwema noma yikuphi ukushoda kwezakhi ezibalulekile kuyinselele esobala kakhulu, futhi izidingo zomsoco ezinemininingwane zihlolisiswe yi-NASA. Iningi 'lohlelo' lwamanje lokudla kwasemkhathini, lubonakale luntula. Ikakhulukazi, ukugcinwa isikhathi eside kokudla kudala ukuwohloka kwamavithamini A, B1, B6 noC.
Ukwehla kwesisindo esimaphakathi kosomkhathi kungamaphesenti angu-2.4 ngezinsuku eziyi-100 ku-microgravity, ngisho nezinyathelo eziqinile zokumelana nokuzivocavoca. Osomkhathi baphinde babonakala behlushwa ukushoda kokudla okunomsoco ku-potassium, i-calcium, uvithamini D kanye novithamini K ngoba ukudla okunikezwayo akubavumeli ukuba bahlangabezane nezidingo zansuku zonke zokudla.
Izitshalo ngokwemvelo zinamavithamini namaminerali, futhi ukusetshenziswa ngokushesha kokudla okusha kungagwema inkinga yokugcinwa. Ngakho-ke ukuwasebenzisa kungaba isengezo esihle kakhulu ekudleni okomisiwe.
Usomkhathi uScott Kelly unakekele ama-zinnias asemkhathini afa wabuyela empilweni ku-ISS. Uthwebule izimbali eziku-Cupola ngemuva koMhlaba futhi wabe isithombe ku-Instagram yakhe soSuku Lwezithandani ngo-2016.
Medicine
Ngaphezu kwamavithamini namaminerali, izitshalo zihlanganisa ama-metabolites amaningi esibili ahlukene. Lezi zinhlanganisela zingaba usizo olukhulu ekuvimbeleni izinkinga zempilo. Isibonelo, i-folate ihilelekile ekulungiseni i-DNA, kodwa izidingo zayo zihlangatshezwa ngamaphesenti angu-64 kuphela wezinsuku zendiza. Njengoba ama-telomere, isiphetho sama-chromosome, abonakaliswe ukuthi ashintshwe kakhulu phakathi nezindiza ezinde, ukwengezwa kwe-folate ngezitshalo ezintsha kungasiza ekunciphiseni ukuguga kwezakhi zofuzo kanye nokuvela komdlavuza.
Phakathi kwezinye izibonelo, imifino ecebile ye-carotenoid ingavimbela ukuhlanekezela kwamehlo okubangelwa i-microgravity, kuyilapho ukudla omisiwe kweplamu kungasiza ekuvimbeleni ukulahlekelwa kwamathambo okubangelwa imisebe. Izitshalo eziningi ziqukethe ama-antioxidant angaba usizo olukhulu ekuvikeleni i-DNA yomuntu ekuguquguqukeni okubangelwa yimisebe. Nokho, ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni akwanele futhi ezinye izixazululo kufanele zenziwe ukuze kuvikelwe osomkhathi emisebeni.
Psychology
Ngaphezu kwamavithamini namaminerali, izitshalo zihlanganisa ama-metabolites amaningi esibili ahlukene
Njengoba ukuhlukaniswa nebanga kuzobeka ubunzima obubalulekile empilweni yengqondo yosomkhathi, ukudla kungesinye sezikhathi ezibaluleke kakhulu zokunciphisa umoya. Ukudla ukudla okufakwe iqhwa ngaso sonke isikhathi kudala ukukhathala kwemenyu futhi osomkhathi bavame ukudla kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukudla ukudla okusha kunganciphisa lokhu kukhathala, hhayi okungenani ekunikezeni izinhlobonhlobo zefomu nokuthungwa.
Omunye umsebenzi onenzuzo empilweni yengqondo yabasebenzi i-horticulture. Izitshalo ezikhulayo kuboniswe ukuthi zinemiphumela ezuzisa kakhulu, njengoba zinganikeza osomkhathi umuzwa wokuhamba nocezu Lomhlaba. Ezinye izifundo zizamile ukuthola izitshalo ezinemiphumela ezuzisa kakhulu ngokwengqondo, njengoba zingaba isici esibaluleke kakhulu empilweni yengqondo yabasebenzi. Isibonelo, ama-strawberry angase athuthukise ukusabela okuhle kwengqondo, okufana namandla nokuzihlonipha, ehlise ukudangala nokucindezeleka kuyilapho i-coriander ingathuthukisa ikhwalithi yokulala.
Ngakho-ke, ukulima endaweni okusekelwe ezitshalweni kuyathakazelisa ezingeni lokudla okunempilo, ingqondo kanye nezokwelapha. Kodwa-ke, ukuntuleka kwendawo kanye nezimo ezithile zokukhula kunciphisa inani kanye nokukhethwa kwezilimo.
Ukukhethwa kwangempela kwezitshalo ezisetshenziswayo kuzohluka, kuye ngemibandela ehloliwe kanye nensimu (isondlo, ingqondo kanye nemithi) evunyiwe. Ezinye izitshalo ezineshelufu ende yokuphila zingaba lula, njengokolweni noma amazambane, kodwa zibe nobubi bokufuna ukuphekwa ngaphambi kokuba zidliwe. Esinye isici okufanele sicatshangelwe uhlelo lokuzala kanye nemodi yokupholisa yezitshalo, ngoba izilwane (njengezinambuzane) azivunyelwe ukungena.
Kwasungulwa uhlu lwezitshalo ezingase zitshalwe emkhathini, ezinye zazo kakade zase zilinywe esikebheni. Ababhali bakhethe indlela yokudla okunomsoco kanye ne-agronomic njengamathuluzi okukhetha. Ngakho-ke, emiphumeleni yengqondo, inani elisuka kokukodwa (iminithi) ukuya kwezine (ubukhulu) libalulwe ukunambitheka nokubukeka kwesitshalo noma ingxenye yesitshalo esidliwayo.
Ithebula lezitshalo ezahlukene ezinezici zazo zokudla okunomsoco, zezokwelapha, ze-agronomic nezengqondo ezifanele umsebenzi omude emkhathini.
Izitshalo ezikhulayo kumkhumbi-mkhathi
Umkhathi uveza imithombo emibili emikhulu yokucindezeleka ezitshalweni: imisebe ye-cosmic kanye ne-microgravity.
Imisebe ithinta ukukhula kwezitshalo kabi futhi yandisa izingozi zokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, ngakho ukuvikela izitshalo emisebeni kufanele kube yinto ehamba phambili. Nakuba imisebe ingaqukwa kusetshenziswa izihlangu zomthofu kanye/noma zamanzi, lokhu kumelela insalela eyengeziwe okufanele ibekwe ku-orbit. Isixazululo esihle, esisuka ku-Lockheed Martin's Mars Base Camp (2018), ukusebenzisa indawo yokugcina uphethiloli njengesivikelo semisebe.
I-Microgravity, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ayikuphazamisi ukukhula kwezitshalo kakhulu, nakuba ingase ibambezele. Kodwa-ke, ukusabela kwesitshalo kuyehluka kuye ngohlobo, njengoba i-microgravity ithinta i-genome expression yesitshalo. Kuye kwatholakala ukuthi, ku-microgravity, izitshalo zizoveza izakhi zofuzo ezihlobene nokucindezeleka, njengezakhi zofuzo ezithinta ukushisa, futhi zandise ukukhiqizwa kwazo kwamaprotheni ahlobene nokucindezeleka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imbewu itholakale inokugxila okuhlukile kwama-metabolites kanye nokuhluma okubambezelekile.
I-Microgravity iphinde ithinte i-microenvironment yesitshalo, njengokuntuleka kokunyakaza komkhathi, ukudala ukwakheka okungavamile komkhathi kanye nobunzima bokuchelela (ngokusekelwa noma ngaphandle kokusekelwa). Akukho kuxhunywa komoya esikhaleni esingaphandle, ngakho-ke uma isiteshi esikhulayo singangeni kahle umoya owanele noma iyiphi igesi ekhishwa isitshalo iyohlala izungeze indawo yaso. Kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi ukunqwabelana kwe-ethylene enegesi ezungeze amaqabunga ezitshalo kubangela ukukhula okungavamile kwamaqabunga. Amanye amagesi, njenge-carbon dioxide, atholakala ezindaweni eziningi emkhathini, angaba yingozi kwezinye izitshalo. Inkinga efanayo iphakama ngokunisela izitshalo, ngakho-ke ukusungula indlela engaminzi izimpande kuyodingeka.
Ukusabela kwesitshalo endaweni yemvelo kunzima kakhulu ukuyihlola. Ezinye izici zaleyo ndawo, njengendawo ekhawulelwe, zingaqondisa ukukhetha kwethu ezinhlotsheni ezincanyana. Nokho, ezinye izici ezifana nokusabela kwesitshalo ku-microgravity ziyahlukahluka kuye ngezinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo. Nakuba ukuhlola kudingeka kuqhubeke, inani elithile lezitshalo selihloliwe kakade futhi lachazwa ngokuthi liyakwazi ukukhula emkhathini futhi singalisebenzisa njengesisekelo.
Ukwakhiwa kwegumbi lezitshalo ezikwazi ukuziphilisa elihlanganisa zonke izidingo ezinomsoco zosomkhathi kungase kuthathe amashumi eminyaka kodwa ukusebenzisa amakamelo amancane njengezinyathelo ezihambisanayo kungasiza izisebenzi ngokuntula amavithamini nezakhamzimba (okushintshwa ekudleni okupakishiwe) futhi kunciphise ukukhathala kokudla.
UMark Vande Hei, uShane Kimbrough, uThomas Pesquet, u-Akihiko Hoshide kanye no-Megan McArthur be-Space X Crew-02 beme ngesivuno sabo sikapelepele obomvu noluhlaza ku-ISS ngo-2021 ophenyweni lwe-Plant-Habitat 04.
Uhlelo lokusekela impilo evuselelayo
Ukudla ukudla okuqandisiwe kukho konke ukudla kudala ukukhathala kwemenyu futhi osomkhathi bavame ukudla kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Kumkhumbi-mkhathi, igumbi lilinganiselwe. Ngakho-ke, impumelelo yomsebenzi incike ezinhlelweni ezivuselelayo ezishumekwe ku-Life Support Systems (LSS) engasebenzisa kabusha izinto ezisetshenzisiwe zibe izinto ezisebenzisekayo. I-Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) efakwe ku-International Space Station (ISS) ikhiqiza umoya-mpilo namanzi ngokugaywa kabusha kwe-carbon dioxide nomchamo; isistimu efanayo izodingeka kuma-spaceflights amade.
Umbono we-LSS evuselelayo (i-BLSS) wazalwa ngeminyaka yawo-1960 ukuze uhlanganise ukukhiqizwa kokudla kanye nokugaywa kabusha kwezinto ezilahlwayo (isibonelo, indle) ku-ECLSS. I-BLSS enamagciwane nolwelwe ingase isetshenziselwe ukuvuselela i-nitrogen emfucumfucwini oqinile ibuyiselwe ohlotsheni olusebenzisekayo lwe-nitrogen ephilayo izitshalo ezingamunca. Ukuhlolwa okulandela lowo mgomo - i-Micro Ecological Life Support System Alternative (MELiSSA) - yenziwe futhi yenziwa yi-European Space Agency kusukela ngawo-1990.
Kodwa-ke, njengoba sifaka izitshalo eziphakeme ku-BLSS, kuzodingeka sifunde ukuhlanganiswa kwazo nobunye ubuchwepheshe obukhona bokulawula indawo ezungezile, obumele inselele entsha. Ukunquma izindleko kanye nokusimama kwalezi zinhlelo ezincane zokukhiqiza izitshalo kuzohlinzeka ngolwazi olubalulekile lokuguqukela ku-BLSS enkulu.
Umdwebo wohlelo lomklamo wesibili weyunithi yokukhula kwesitshalo seshubhu elinezimbotshana.
Ukwakha igumbi lokukhula kwezitshalo
Ukusebenzisa uhlelo lwe-hydroponic ukukhulisa izitshalo kuyinto engenzeka ekhangayo, njengoba ikhula izitshalo emanzini esikhundleni sokuthembela ohlelweni olufana nomhlabathi. Lesi sakamuva sengeza isisindo kumkhumbi-mkhathi kanye nobungozi bezinhlayiya ezintantayo, izici ezimbili eziwenza ube sengozini. I-Advanced Plant Habitat (APH) efakwe ku-ISS isivele ikhulise izinhlobonhlobo zikakolweni omncane kusetshenziswa isistimu ye-hydroponic enesistimu yokunisela ngamashubhu anezimbotshana efakwe kumojula yezimpande equkethe i-arcillite kanye nomanyolo okhishwa kancane.
Ukwenza lula imisebenzi yabasebenzi bezolimo kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izitshalo zikhula endaweni efanele, umjikelezo wamasiko wezitshalo udinga ukugadwa ngokugcwele yikhompyutha. Uhlelo olunjalo lokuqapha lwahlolwa ngo-2018 e-Antarctica. Ukusebenzisa uhlelo olusebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo ekutshalweni kwezitshalo kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi izisebenzi ziyazuza ngokuba khona kwezitshalo emkhathini (ngokuzilawula) futhi kugweme ukuthi indaba yezolimo idle isikhathi esiningi. Ngempela, igumbi elidingekayo ukuze kutshalwe izitshalo alikachazwa ngokunembile futhi ukuhlolwa okuningana ezindaweni ezifana nesikhala (njenge-HI-SEAS) kubonise ukuthi lo msebenzi ungaba mude.
Izitshalo ezikhulayo kuboniswe ukuthi zinemiphumela ezuzisa kakhulu, njengoba zinganikeza osomkhathi umuzwa wokuhamba nesiqephu soMhlaba.
Ekugcineni, i-NASA's Vegetable Production System, noma iVeggie, (yethulwa ngo-2014), ehlinzeka ngendawo ekhulayo engu-0.11 m², iyisibonelo esihle seyunithi yokukhula kwezitshalo engasetshenziswa emkhathini, njengoba isihloliwe kakade I-ISS. Mayelana nezidingo zokukhanya, ama-LED asetshenziswa ngamaza amabili ahlukene: abomvu (630 nm) kanye nohlaza okwesibhakabhaka (455 nm) njengoba izitshalo zikhula kahle ngaphansi kwalawa maza. I-LED eluhlaza ingase idingeke ukunikeza isitshalo umbala waso wemvelo, ngaleyo ndlela kube lula ukuhlonza izifo futhi kukhumbuze abasebenzi boMhlaba.
I-Mizuna (iklabishi laseJapane), ulethisi weromaine obomvu kanye ne-Tokyo bekana (iklabishi laseShayina) elitshalwe kuyunithi yeVeggie ku-ISS.
Izimo zasemkhathini zidala ingcindezi kubantu nasezitshalweni, ngakho ukwakheka kwezitshalo ezikwazi ukukhula emkhathini futhi kusize ekudambiseni okunye ukucindezeleka okwenziwa osomkhathi okufundwayo njengamanje.
Izakhi zofuzo ezihilelekile ekuphenduleni kokucindezeleka kwezitshalo zikhonjiwe kodwa ukuze kuncishiswe noma kuncishiswe leyo mithelela ososayensi badinga ukuguqula ukuvezwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezikhona noma bengeze izakhi zofuzo zokujwayela isikhala kuzakhi zofuzo. Lokhu kungafezwa kusetshenziswa ukuhlelwa kwezakhi zofuzo futhi ezinye izakhi zofuzo sezivele zihlonziwe futhi zacwaningwa. Isibonelo, i-ARG1 (Impendulo Eguquliwe Kumandla Adonsela phansi 1), isakhi sofuzo esaziwa ngokuba nomthelela ekuphenduleni amandla adonsela phansi ezitshalweni ezisemhlabeni, ibandakanyeka ekuvezweni kwezakhi zofuzo eziyi-127 ezihlobene nokuzivumelanisa nokundiza komkhathi. Iningi lezakhi zofuzo ezishintshiwe ekukhulumeni emkhathini zitholwe zincike ku-Arg1, okuphakamisa indima enkulu yaleso sakhi sofuzo ekushintshanisweni kokuphila kwamaseli angahlukanisiwe nokundiza emkhathini. I-HsfA2 (I-Heat Shock Factor A2) inomthelela obalulekile ekuzivumelaniseni ne-spaceflight, isibonelo nge-starch biosynthesis. Umgomo uwukukhinyabeza izakhi zofuzo ezibangela ukucindezeleka nokuthuthukisa ezizuzisayo.
Ezinye izakhi zofuzo, ezibizwa ngokuthi izakhi zofuzo zokujwayela emkhathini, njengezakhi zofuzo ezihlobene nemisebe, i-perchlorate, i-dwarfism kanye nezinga lokushisa elibandayo, kungenzeka ukuthi zifanele ukubhekwa njengoba zingasiza izitshalo ukumelana nezimo ezinzima zendawo. Isibonelo, ama-microorganisms ajwayelane nezindawo ze-hypersaline anezakhi zofuzo zokumelana ne-UV kanye nokumelana ne-perchlorate. Izinhlobo eziningi ezincanyana (isb. zikakolweni) sezivele zatshalwa ku-ISS futhi utamatisi omncane we-cherry 'Red Robin' ungase utshalwe ku-ISS njengengxenye yokuhlolwa kwe-NASA ye-Veg-05.
Singakwazi futhi ukuklama izitshalo zempilo yosomkhathi. Ukukhuthaza ukunqwabelana kwezinhlanganisela ezizuzisayo, ukwenza izitshalo ezidliwayo umzimba wonke ukuze kuncishiswe imfucuza, noma ukuklama izitshalo ezikhiqiza izidakamizwa ngokumelene nemiphumela engemihle yasemkhathini kosomkhathi kuyizindlela ezingenzeka zokwenza izitshalo zibe usizo kubasebenzi.
I-Whole-Body Edible and Elite Plant (WBEEP) isu lasetshenziswa ezitshalweni zamazambane, ukwenza iziqu zamazambane namaqabunga adle ngokukhipha i-solanine kuzo. Ukuze kuvinjwe ukukhiqizwa kwayo, izakhi zofuzo eziyikhiqizayo ziyathuliswa noma ziguqulwe ngokuhlelwa kofuzo. Ukudala leli bhatata le-WBEEP kunezinzuzo njengoba liyisitshalo esilinywa kalula esiwumthombo omuhle wamandla futhi sekufakazele ukuthi siyakwazi ukukhula ezimeni ezinzima ezifana nomkhathi. Izitshalo nazo zaqiniswa ukuze zihlangabezane ngokugcwele nezidingo zomsoco zomzimba womuntu.
Imisebe ithinta ukukhula kwezitshalo kabi futhi yandisa izingozi zokuguqulwa kofuzo, ngakho ukuvikela izitshalo emisebeni kufanele kube yinto ehamba phambili.
Enye yezinkinga eziyinhloko zempilo yosomkhathi ku-microgravity ukulahlekelwa ukuminyana kwamathambo. Amathambo ethu ahlala elinganisela phakathi kokukhula kanye ne-resorption, okuvumela amathambo ukuba aphendule ekulimazeni noma izinguquko ekusebenzeni. Ukuchitha isikhathi ku-microgravity kuphazamisa lokhu kubhalansi, ukugxilisa amathambo ekubhekeni kabusha, ngakho osomkhathi balahlekelwa isisindo samathambo. Lokhu kungelashwa ngomuthi obizwa ngokuthi i-parathyroid hormone, noma i-PTH, kodwa kudinga imijovo evamile futhi kuneshelufu yesikhathi esifushane kakhulu, okuyinkinga ezindizeni ezinde zasemkhathini. Ngakho-ke, ulethisi we-transgenic okhiqiza i-PTH wakhiwe.
Ukuklama izitshalo ezikwazi ukukhula emkhathini futhi zisetshenziswe osomkhathi kusesesigabeni sakho sokuqala socwaningo. Nokho, amathemba ayo ayathembisa kakhulu futhi acwaningwa yizo zonke izikhungo ezinkulu zasemkhathini. Ukwakha igumbi lokukhula kwezitshalo endaweni engamukelekile yendawo kusadinga umsebenzi. Enye yezinselelo kuzoba ukungeza ingxenye evuselelayo ye-BLSS ku-LSS esivele ikhona. Enye inselele isidingo sokukhetha okungcono kwezitshalo ezizotshalwa ebhodini ukuze zimelane nezimo zesikhala futhi zinikeze isivuno esikhulu. Kodwa ngenxa yokusabalala kolwazi ekuzaleni izitshalo, ukuhlelwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezitshalweni ezikhethiwe kuzozivumela ukuthi zijwayelane nezimo zasemkhathini futhi zihambisane nezidingo zokudla kanye nempilo yezisebenzi.
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