Jianming Xie1,2 & Jihua Yu1,2 & Baihong Chen1,2 & Zhi Feng1,2 & Jian Lyu1,2 & Linli Hu1,2 & Yantai Gan3 &
Kadambot HM Siddique4
1. Ilabhorethri Ebalulekile Yesifundazwe yase-Gansu ye-Aridland Crop Sciences, i-Gansu Agricultural University, i-Lanzhou 730070, e-China
2. Ikolishi Lezokulima, iNyuvesi Yezolimo yaseGansu, iLanzhou 730070, eChina
3. Ezolimo kanye ne-Agri-Food Canada, i-Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada
4. I-UWA Institute of Agriculture and School of Agriculture & Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia
abstract
Ezifundeni/emazweni anabantu abaningi abathuthuka ngokushesha kwezomnotho, njenge-Afrika, i-China, ne-India, umhlaba olimekayo uncipha ngokushesha ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwamadolobha nokunye ukusetshenziswa komhlaba kwezimboni. Lokhu kudala izinselele ezingakaze zibonwe zokukhiqiza ukudla okwanele ukwanelisa izidingo zokudla ezikhulayo. Ingabe izigidi zamahektha afana nogwadule, angalimeki zingathuthukiswa ukuze kukhiqizwe ukudla? Ingabe amandla elanga atholakala ngobuningi angasetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izitshalo ezindaweni ezilawulwayo, njengezindawo zokugcina izithombo ezisekelwe elanga? Lapha, sibuyekeza uhlelo lokulima olusha, okungukuthi "Gobi Agriculture." Sithola ukuthi uhlelo olusha lwezolimo lwe-Gobi lunezici eziyisithupha ezihlukile: (i) lusebenzisa izinsiza zomhlaba ezifana nogwadule olunamandla elanga njengokuphela komthombo wamandla ukuze kukhiqizwe izithelo nemifino emisha unyaka wonke, ngokungafani nokukhiqizwa kwe-greenhouse evamile lapho isidingo samandla sikhona. ukwaneliseka ngokushisa izibaseli ezimbiwa phansi noma ukusetshenziswa kukagesi; (ii) amaqoqo ezingxenye zokulima ngazinye enziwa kusetshenziswa izinto ezitholakala endaweni njengenhlabathi yobumba ezindongeni ezisenyakatho zezakhiwo; (iii) umkhiqizo womhlaba (umkhiqizo omusha ngeyunithi ngayinye yomhlaba ngonyaka) uyi-10-Izikhathi ezingama-27 ngaphezulu nokusebenzisa kahle amanzi ezitshalo 20-35 izikhathi ezinkulu kunezindawo ezivulekile zendabuko, izinhlelo zokutshala eziniselwayo; (iv) imisoco yezitshalo ihlinzekwa ikakhulukazi ngama-substrates emvelo enziwe endaweni, anciphisa ukusetshenziswa komanyolo we-inorganic ekukhiqizeni izitshalo; (v) imikhiqizo inomkhondo wemvelo ophansi kuneyokulima endaweni evulekile ngenxa yamandla elanga njengokuphela komthombo wamandla kanye nesivuno esikhulu seyunithi ngayinye yokufaka; futhi (vi) udala amathuba omsebenzi ezindaweni zasemakhaya, okuthuthukisa ukuzinza kwemiphakathi yasemakhaya. Nakuba lolu hlelo luchazwe njenge "Gobi-land miracle" ukuze kuthuthukiswe inhlalakahle yezomnotho, izinselele eziningi zidinga ukubhekwana nazo, njengezingqinamba zamanzi, ukuphepha komkhiqizo, kanye nemithelela yemvelo. Siphakamisa ukuthi kusungulwe izinqubomgomo ezifanele ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uhlelo luthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kokudla futhi luthuthukise inhlalakahle yabantu basezindaweni zasemakhaya kuyilapho kuvikela imvelo entekenteke yemvelo.
Isingeniso
Umhlaba olimekayo wezolimo uyisisetshenziswa esilinganiselwe (Liu et al. 2017). Emazweni anentuthuko esheshayo yezomnotho, njengeShayina, i-India, ne-Afrika, umhlaba omningi olimekayo uguqulelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwezimboni (Cakir et al. 2008; U-Xu et al. 2000). Ngenxa yokukhula ngokushesha kwamadolobha okuqhudelana nomhlaba nezolimo (Zhang et al. 2016; Mueller et al. 2012), kunenselele engakaze ibonwe yokwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo ukuze kwaneliswe izidingo zokudla kanye nokuthandwa kwenani labantu elikhulayo (Godfray et al. 2010). Kungenzeka ukuthi amazwe athuthukile anezindawo ezinkulu ezilinywayo, njenge-Australia, iCanada, ne-USA, angaguqula izindawo ezinotshani zibe yizindawo zokutshala izimakethe zomhlaba zokusanhlamvu. Kodwa-ke, ukwenza kanjalo kungase kusheshise ukulahleka kwezinqolobane zekhabhoni futhi kube nomthelela omkhulu, ongemuhle emvelweni (Godfray 2011).
Ezindaweni eziningi ezomile nezinogwadule, kunezindawo ezinkulu "Umhlaba weGobi" (echazwa njengendawo engalimeki), okuhlanganisa namahektha ayizigidi ezingu-1.95 ohlobo oluwugwadule ezifundazweni eziyisithupha ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeChina (Liu et al. 2010). I-China yenza umzamo ohlangene wokuthuthukisa lo mhlaba wakwaGobi ukuze ukhiqize ukudla kusetshenziswa uhlelo olusha lokutshala, olubizwa ngokuthi "Gobi Agriculture." Lolu hlelo lokulima saluchaza ngokuthi "Uhlelo lokulima oluneqoqo lezindawo zokulima ezifana ne-plastic greenhouse ezifana nezakhelwe endaweni, ezisebenza ngamandla elanga ukuze kukhiqizwe imikhiqizo emisha ethela kakhulu, esezingeni eliphezulu (imifino, izithelo kanye nemihlobiso) ngendlela ephumelelayo, ephumelelayo neyongayo." (Xie et al. 2017). Kwezinye izinhlelo zeqoqo eziyinkimbinkimbi, izimo zezulu kumayunithi angawodwana zingagadwa kusetshenziswa abaloga bedatha. Ngokungafani nezindawo zokugcina izithombo ezivamile noma izindlu zezingilazi lapho ukufudumeza nokupholisa (izindleko ezinkulu ezimbili ezihilelekile ekukhiqizeni ukushisa) kuvame ukunikezwa ngokushisa izibaso ezimbiwa phansi (i-diesel, uwoyela kaphethiloli, i-liquid petroleum, igesi) enyusa i-CO.2 ukukhishwa, noma ukusebenzisa izifudumezi zikagesi ezidla amandla amaningi (Hassanien et al. 2016; U-Wang et al. 2017), "Gobi Agriculture" amasistimu athembele ngokuphelele emandleni elanga ukuze afudumale, apholise, futhi aguqule amandla emvelo abe yi-biomass yezitshalo.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukusetshenziswa komhlaba wakwaGobi ekukhiqizeni ukudla kuye kwavela ngokushesha eChina (Zhang et al. 2015). Ezifundeni ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga, izinhlelo zokulima umhlabathi we-Gobi zikhiqiza ingxenye enkulu yemifino edliwayo esifundeni. Lolu hlelo ludlala indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukutholakala kokudla, ekwandiseni ukusimama kwenhlalonhle yabantu, nasekuthuthukiseni ukuphila komphakathi wasemakhaya. Abaningi babheka le Gobi land agriculture a "umhlaba omusha" uhlelo lokulima. Isici esibalulekile salolu hlelo yithuba lokukhiqizwa kokudla emhlabeni owake wangatheli. Lolu hlelo olusha lokulima lungase lube yisinyathelo soguquko esibheke kwezolimo zesimanje. Nokho, kukhona ukushoda kolwazi mayelana nentuthuko yesayensi yezinhlelo zokulima umhlabathi weGobi. Imibuzo eminingi isalokhu ingaphenduleki: Ingabe lolu hlelo luzothuthuka ngokuqhubekayo lube imboni enkulu yokukhiqiza izitshalo? Ngabe uhlelo lokulima umhlabathi wakwaGobi luzoyithinta kanjani indawo ezungezile esikhathini eside? Ingabe lokhu "kwenziwe eshayina" imodeli yokulima isebenza kwezinye izindawo ezomile ezinezindawo ezinciphayo ezilinywayo, njengenyakatho yeKazakhstan (Kraemer et al. 2015), eSiberia (Halicki and Kulizhsky 2015), kanye maphakathi nezifunda ezisenyakatho ye-Afrika (de Grassi kanye noSalah Ovadia 2017)?
Sinale mibuzo engqondweni, senze ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi okuphelele mayelana nentuthuko yakamuva kanye nemiphumela yocwaningo ebalulekile mayelana nesistimu yokulima. Izinjongo zaleli phepha kwabe kuwu (i) ukugqamisa intuthuko yesayensi yezinhlelo zokulima i-Gobi-land ezamukelwa enyakatho yeChina, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo, ukusetshenziswa kahle kwamanzi (i-WUE), izici zokusetshenziswa kwezakhi kanye namandla, kanye nemithelela engase ibe khona emvelweni nasemvelweni; (ii) ixoxisane ngezinselelo ezinkulu ezibhekene nohlelo, njengokutholakala kwamanzi okunisela, ikhwalithi nokuphepha komkhiqizo, kanye nomthelela ongaba khona ekuzinzeni nasekuthuthukisweni komphakathi wasemaphandleni; kanye (iii) nokuhlinzeka ngeziphakamiso mayelana nokumiswa kwenqubomgomo kanye nezinto ezibalulekile zocwaningo ukuze kuhlolwe okunempilo kanye nokuthuthukiswa okusimeme kwesikhathi eside kwezinhlelo zokulinywa komhlaba wakwaGobi.
Ukubuyekezwa kafushane kwengqalasizinda yezinhlelo zomhlaba wakwaGobi
Ukuze siqonde ukuthi uhlelo lokulima umhlabathi wakwaGobi lusebenza kanjani, sinikeze incazelo emfushane yokuklama kwawo, ubunjiniyela kanye nokwakhiwa kwawo. Imininingwane eyengeziwe ngengqalasizinda isekubuyekezweni kwakamuva (Xie et al. 2017). Uhlelo lokulima umhlabathi weGobi lusungulwe endaweni yaseGobi engalinywa lapho ukukhiqizwa kwezilimo zendabuko kungenakwenzeka. Izinsiza zomhlaba zeGobi zakhiwe ngaphakathi "amaqoqo" yamayunithi wokukhiqiza ngamanye. Isikhungo esijwayelekile esihlanganisiwe siqukethe amayunithi ambalwa (kufika kumakhulu) amayunithi noma izindlu zokulima (Fig. 1a). Izimo ze-microclimatic kuyunithi ngayinye yokulima zigadwa isikhungo sokulawula esimaphakathi lapho izinzwa ezikude,
Izimo ze-Microclimatic, ezifana nezinga lokushisa lomoya kanye nomswakama, zingalungiswa kwezinye izingxenye zokulima, kuyilapho ezinye izinhlelo zokuqapha zivumela ukuvundisa okuzenzakalelayo. Obunye ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe njenge-inthanethi yezinto (Wang noXu 2016) noma i-inthanethi yezinto (Li et al. 2013) ingafakwa esikhungweni sokulawula ukuze inikeze ukufundwa okunembe kakhudlwana kwedatha ye-microclimatic edluliselwa kusuka kumayunithi wokulima ngamanye. Nokho, lokhu akuzange kusetshenziswe kabanzi ngenxa yezindleko eziphezulu.
Iyunithi yokulima evamile ngaphakathi kwendawo ehlanganisiwe ibheke empumalanga-isentshonalanga futhi inezindonga ezintathu enyakatho, empumalanga, nasentshonalanga yesakhiwo. Uhlangothi oluseningizimu lwesakhiwo luwuphahla olutshekile olusekelwa uhlaka lwensimbi futhi lumbozwe ngefilimu yepulasitiki eshisayo ekhanyayo (Fig. 2). Uphahla lutsheke ngendlela efanele ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhanjiswa kokukhanya okusebenzayo phakathi nosuku (Zhang et al. 2014). Amandla avela elangeni agcinwa esixukwini esishisayo sezindonga futhi akhishwe njengokushisa ebusuku. Ebusika, uphahla lumbozwa ngotshani bokuzenzela njalo ebusuku ukuze kugcinwe izinga lokushisa langaphakathi (Tong et al. 2013).
Ingxenye ebalulekile yeyunithi ngayinye yokulima udonga olusenyakatho olwakhiwe ngezinto ezitholakala endaweni njengezitini zobumba (Wang et al. 2014), amabhlogo wotshani (uZhang et al. 2017), izitini ezivamile ezine-styrofoam (Xu et al. 2013), fly amayunithi wokwakha umlotha (Xu et al. 2013), amabhlogo obumba ahlanganiswe nodaka lukasimende (Chen et al. 2012), umhlaba ogobile (Guan et al. 2013), noma inhlabathi eluhlaza ehlanganiswe nezitini zikakhonkolo. Kwamanye amayunithi, udonga olusenyakatho lwakhiwe kusuka "izinto ezishintsha isigaba" ukwandisa ukugcinwa kokushisa nokushintshisana, futhi, ngakho-ke, ukunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwezinga lokushisa ekukhuleni kwezitshalo (Guan et al. 2012).
Omunye umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwezindawo ezihlanganisiwe ze-Gobi kanye nezindlu zokugcina izithombo zendabuko noma izindlu zengilazi umthombo wamandla. Iyunithi ngayinye yokulima ohlelweni lwe-Gobi ehlanganisiwe inikwa amandla amandla elanga. Imisebe yelanga imuncwa udonga olusenyakatho emini bese idedelwa ebusuku. Amandla angasetshenzisiwe emini angumthombo wamandla osebenzayo ebusuku. A "ukuvala amanzi" isistimu ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukunikeza ukushisa okwengeziwe phakathi nobusuku basebusika, lapho ingxenye encane yomhlabathi ngaphakathi kweyunithi igcwala amanzi ukuze isetshenziswe njengemidiya yokushintsha ukushisa (Xie et al. 2017). Emini, amanzi ajikeleza futhi adlule emakhethini abamba amanzi, ngokushisa ngokweqile okuvela emisebeni yelanga egcinwe emzimbeni wamanzi; ebusuku, amanzi afudumele ajikeleza futhi adlule amakhethini amanzi ngokushisa okukhishwe emoyeni ngaphakathi kweyunithi. Ukusebenza kokugcina amandla ku- "ukuvala amanzi" uhlelo luncike ezintweni eziningi, njengemisebe yelanga eqondile, imisebe yelanga ye-isotropic esakazwa esibhakabhakeni, ukukhanya komkhathi, kanye nokudlulisa ukushisa okuvela kwifilimu yepulasitiki esophahleni (Han et al. 2014). Ngokuvela kwezinhlelo zokulima, izinhlelo zokushisisa eziyinkimbinkimbi ziyathuthukiswa ukuze kugcinwe ukushisa okuthuthukisiwe nokukhulula.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwesayensi kwezinhlelo zokulima umhlabathi we-Gobi
Izinhlelo zokulima umhlabathi weGobi zihlukile ekulinyweni kwezitshalo endaweni evulekile lapho izitshalo zinikwa imvula noma ziniselwa khona. Zibuye zihluke ekutshalweni kwezitshalo ezindaweni ezivamile zokugcina izithombo noma ezindlini zengilazi lapho amandla atholakala kakhulu ngegesi yemvelo noma ugesi. Izinhlelo zokulima umhlabathi weGobi zinezici ezihlukile, ezinye zazo ezigqanyiswe ngezansi.
Ukukhula kokukhiqiza kwezitshalo
Izitshalo ezitshalwa endaweni yaseGobi zikhiqiza kakhulu ngokusebenza kahle kakhulu komhlaba (okungukuthi, isivuno sezitshalo endaweni ngayinye esetshenziswayo) kunokulima endaweni evulekile evamile. Isibonelo, isifunda esisempumalanga ye-Hexi Corridor eNyakatho-ntshonalanga yeChina sinesikhathi eside (1960).-2009) ubude belanga bonyaka obungama-2945 h, izinga lokushisa lonyaka lonyaka elingu-7.2 °C, nesikhathi esingenasithwathwa esiyizinsuku eziyi-155 (Chai et al. I-2014c); amayunithi okushisa anele ukukhiqiza isilimo esisodwa ngonyaka kodwa awanele ukukhiqiza izitshalo ezimbili ngonyaka ngaphansi kwezinhlelo zensimu evulekile zendabuko. Kuhlelo lwe-Gobi-land, izitshalo zingatshalwa ezinyangeni eziningi noma unyaka wonke. Isilinganiso sesivuno saminyaka yonke seminyaka emi-5 (2012-2016) ezindaweni zokulima e-Jiuquan Experimental Station zazingama-34 t ha-1 ngoba muskmelon (I-Cucumis melo L.), 66t ha-1 ngekhabe (ICitrullus lanatus L.), 102t ha 1 kupelepele oshisayo (Capsicum annuum, C. frutescens), 168t ha 1 ukhukhamba (Cucumis sativus L.), kanye ne-177 t ha 1 utamatisi (I-Solanum lycopersicum L.), okuyi-10-Iphindwe izikhathi ezingama-27 kunalezo ezisezindaweni ezivulekile zendabuko ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezifanayo (Xie et al. 2017). Imiphumela efanayo iye yabonwa kwenye indawo enyakatho ye-China, njengesifunda sase-Wuwei ekupheleni kwempumalanga ye-
I-Hexi Corridor. Lawa manani esivuno abalwe endaweni ehlala amayunithi okulima, kanye nezindawo ezijwayelekile ezabiwe ngamayunithi ngamanye ngaphakathi kohlelo lokulawula olufanayo. Izindawo ezivamile ezokuthutha izinto zokufakwayo kanye nokumakethwa kwemikhiqizo.
Ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuthuthukisiwe
Enye yezinselelo ezinkulu kwezolimo ezindaweni eziningi ezomile nezinegwadule ukushoda kwamanzi. Ukonga amanzi noma ukwenza ngcono i-WUE (isivuno seyunithi ngayinye sinikezwa, sichazwa njenge-kg ha-1 thola m-3 amanzi) ekukhiqizweni kwezitshalo kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwezolimo. Izinhlelo zokulima umhlabathi we-Gobi zinikeza izinzuzo ezibalulekile zokonga amanzi, lapho izitshalo zisebenzisa amanzi amancane kakhulu kunezitshalo ezifanayo ezitshalwa ezindaweni ezivulekile zendabuko. Isibonelo, ngaphezu kweminyaka emi-4 (2012-2015) yezilinganiso ohlelweni lwendawo yeGobi esifundeni saseJiuquan, utamatisi udinga ama-385-466 mm ukuchelela sekukonke, i-evapotranspiration yesizini yayisukela ku-350 kuya ku-428 mm, kanti izisindo zikatamatisi ezintsha zazisukela ku-86 kuya ku-152 t ha.-1. Ezinye izitshalo ezinkulu zemifino zithole i-WUE ephezulu (kg umkhiqizo omusha m-3), kuhlanganise 15-21 amanzi emuskmelon, 17-23 kupelepele oshisayo, 22-28 ikhabe, 2835 wekhukhamba, kanye nama-35-51 kg utamatisi. Kulolu hlelo, i-WUE katamatisi, isibonelo, yayingama-20-Ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingama-35 kunezitshalo ezifanayo ezitshalwa emhlabeni olinywayo, izinhlelo zensimu evulekile (Xie et al. 2017).
Indlela ye-WUE ethuthukisiwe ezinhlelweni zomhlaba ze-Gobi ayiqondwa kahle. Siphakamisa ukuthi izici eziyinhloko ezinomthelela zihlanganisa lokhu okulandelayo: (a) inani lokunisela elisetshenziswa ezitshalweni ezisesimisweni somhlaba saseGobi lisekelwe ezidingweni zezitshalo ukuze zikhule kahle (Liang et al. 2014) enqunywa kusengaphambili futhi ilawulwa ngemitha yamanzi efakiwe (I-Fig. 3a). Kuya ngo-opharetha weyunithi's ulwazi nolwazi, indlela elawulwayo yokunisela eshodayo ivame ukusetshenziswa (Fig. 3b) enciphisa amanani okunisela ezigabeni zokukhula ezingabalulekile (Chai et al. I-2014b). Ukunisela okunokushoda okuncane kungashukumisa izinhlelo zokuvikela izitshalo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukubekezelelana nengcindezi yesomiso (i-Romero kanye ne-Martinez-Cutillas 2012; U-Wang et al. 2012). Ubukhulu bomphumela wokunisela okulawulwayo okushodayo ekusebenzeni kwezitshalo kuyahlukahluka ngezinhlobo zezitshalo nezinye izici (Chen et al. 2013; U-Wang et al. 2010); (b) izindlela zokuchelela ezinhlelweni zokulima umhlabathi wakwa-Gobi zithuthuka njalo, njengokuthi ukuchelela ngokuconsa ngaphansi komhlaba (Fig. 3c) manje sekuyindlela ethandwa kakhulu yokunisela; (c) kusetshenziswa izindlela ezehlukene zokumboza ngemboza izimboza zezihlahla ukuze kuncishiswe ukuhwamuka kwamanzi angaphezulu komhlabathi. Indawo yokutshala ngaphakathi kweyunithi yokulima ivamise ukumbozwa ngefilimu yepulasitiki ngesikhathi sokukhula (Fig. 3d), kufaka phakathi izindawo eziphakathi kwemigqa yezitshalo (Fig. 3e). Ukunciphisa ukuhwamuka nokwandisa umswakama womoya ohlobene cishe yizici ezimbili ezibalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwamanzi ngendlela efanele; (d) iphesenti elithile lamanzi ahwamukile emhlabathini liphinde lisetshenziswe endaweni yokulima ngoba ukutshalwa kusesimweni esivalekile; kanye (e) nezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-agronomic zisetshenziswa ekuphathweni kwezitshalo endaweni yokulima (Fig. 3f), njengokuthena amagatsha ukwandisa ukungena kokukhanya (Du et al. 2016), ithuthukisa ukungena komoya ukuze ibhalansise i-CO2 nge-photosynthesis yezitshalo kanye nezigameko zezifo (Yang et al. 2017), kanye nokufaka umoya endaweni yokufaka izimpande ngemva kokunisela izinsuku ezimbalwa ukuze kuncishiswe ukuhwamuka komhlabathi (Li et al. 2016); konke lokhu kusiza ukwandisa isivuno sezitshalo kanye nokuthuthukisa i-WUE.
Ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwezakhi
Ngokungafani nokutshalwa kwendabuko endaweni evulekile lapho umanyolo wokwenziwa kuwumthombo omkhulu wezakhi zezitshalo, izinto eziphilayo-njengotshani bezitshalo, ubulongwe bemfuyo kanye nemikhiqizo evela embonini yokudla, izinqubo zokukhiqiza amandla, kanye nokugaywa kabusha kwemfucuza yabantu.-iwumthombo omkhulu wezakhi ezinhlelweni zokulima umhlabathi weGobi. Izinto ezilahlwayo zimelela enye imidiya yezohwebo esetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni okujwayelekile kwe-greenhouse. Ukuze ufaneleke njenge-substrate yokulinywa komhlaba we-Gobi, izinto eziphilayo kufanele zibe nalezi zimpawu ezilandelayo (Fu et al. 2018; UFu kanye no-Liu 2016; U-Fu et al. 2017; Ling et al. 2015; Ingoma et al. 2013): (i) ukuminyana kwenqwaba ephansi, i-porosity ephezulu, namandla okubamba amanzi aphezulu; (ii) umthamo wokushintshanisa indawo ephezulu kanye nokuqukethwe kwezakhi ezimbiwa phansi, kanye ne-pH ne-EC efanele; (iii) umsebenzi we-enzyme othuthukisiwe, ngokuvamile ofezwa ngokungeza izinhlobo ezifanele zama-microorganism; (iv) izinga lokuwohloka kancane; futhi (v) angabi nayo imbewu yokhula namagciwane atholakala emhlabathini. Uhlobo lwezinto ezibonakalayo, indlela yokucubungula, izinga lokubola, nezimo zezulu lapho ama-substrate akhiqizwa ngaphansi kwazo zingathonya isimo somzimba, amakhemikhali, kanye nemvelo yezinto eziphilayo futhi, ngaleyo ndlela, ikhwalithi ye-substrate (Fu et al. 2017; Ingoma et al. 2013).
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-substrate eyenziwe ekhaya ejwayelekile kuhilela izinyathelo ezimbalwa (isib. 4a): (i) utshani bezitshalo (njengommbila) buqoqwa ezinhlelweni zokukhiqiza endaweni evulekile ezigodini zendawo, buyiswe endaweni eseduze nendawo, buqoqwe kwaba 3-Izingcezu ezi-5 cm ubude, ngaphambi kokwengeza umthamo ophansi womanyolo we-nitrogen (1.4 kg N per 1000 kg wotshani bommbila owomile) ukulungisa isilinganiso se-C:N somquba sibe ngu-15:1; (ii) cishe i-1 kg yomkhiqizo wokugomela i-microorganism per 1000 kg ye-organic material iyengezwa; (iii) Isigaba sokuqala sokuvutshelwa sibandakanya ukupakisha utshani phansi (isb, 1 m ukuphakama x 1.2 m ububanzi ngezansi kanye no-3.0 m ububanzi phezulu) ngaphambi kokusonga ngefilimu yepulasitiki; (iv) izinga lokushisa enqwabeni liyagadwa futhi amanzi engezwa ukuze kugcinwe umswakama eku-2.0-Amaphesenti angama-65 womsebenzi omkhulu we-microorganism; (v) isigaba sesibili sokuvutshelwa sidinga ukuphazamisa isitaki njalo ngesi-6Izinsuku eziyisi-8 bese uhlola izinga lokushisa phezulu ku-30 cm. Lokhu kuphazamiseka ngezikhathi ezithile kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama kugcinwa ezingeni elifanele lomsebenzi we-microbial; futhi (vi) cishe ngosuku lwama-32-34 ngemva kokuvutshelwa, impahla ithuthelwa endaweni yokugcina elungele ukusetshenziswa lapho kulinywa khona. I-substrate eyenziwe ekhaya ivame ukusetshenziswa ku-2-3t ha 1 ezindaweni zokulima ngaphakathi kweyunithi yokulima futhi ingasetshenziswa iminyaka ethile ekulinyweni ngaphambi kokushintshwa. Okuqukethwe kwezakhi zama-substrates kungabuyiselwa ezingeni lokukhiqiza ngokwengeza imisoco ephuma ngaphandle (Fig. 4b). Izinto zotshani ze-organic substrate ziyatholakala endaweni, futhi izinyathelo eziningi zokukhiqiza zisebenzisa imishini eyakhelwe ngaphakathi.
Ukuthi imisoco ye-substrate ihlinzekwa kanjani ezitshalweni iyahluka phakathi kwezinsiza zeqoqo. Abalimi abaningi enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeChina basebenzisa noma (1) isistimu yemisele, lapho imisele (imvamisa engu-0.4)-0.6 m ububanzi, 0.2-0.3 m ukushona, kanye 0.8-1.0 m phakathi kwemisele eqondiswe enyakatho-eningizimu) zenziwa phansi ngaphakathi kweyunithi yokulima, eziphethwe ngokhonkolo, amabhulokhi enkuni noma izitini, zigcwaliswe nge-substrate ngaphambi kokutshala (Fig. 5a), futhi imbozwe ngefilimu yepulasitiki ukuze izithombo zikhule (Fig. 5b). Uma seyakhiwe, imisele ingasetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza okuqhubekayo iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20; noma (2) ama-substrate esikhwama esigcwele, lapho ingxenye engaphansi isongwe ngezikhwama zepulasitiki ngazinye (ubukhulu obujwayelekile besikhwama bungu-0.5 m ububanzi no-1.0 m ubude) endaweni encane evaliwe. Izakhamzimba zikhishwa ezikhwameni njengoba izitshalo zikhula (Fig. 5c). Kwenziwa izimbobo phezulu kwezikhwama zokutshala imbewu (Fig. 5d) kanye nokunisela ngenkasa emigodini.
Lezi zindlela ezimbili ziyehluka ngezici zazo. Indlela yemisele ivumela abalimi ukuthi bafake umanyolo kalula kuma-substrates uma kudingeka. Kwezinye izitshalo, njengekhabe, ukwengeza umanyolo we-inorganic kuyadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhiqiza okuphezulu. Olunye ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi ukusebenzisa ubulongwe bemvelo kanye nomanyolo wezinto eziphilayo kungakhuphula isivuno sezitshalo kodwa kushiye insalela yezakhi emhlabathini kanye nokugxila okuphezulu kwe-nitrate-N emhlabathini ongaphezulu (Gao et al. 2012). Olunye ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi indlela yesikhwama esigcwele ikhiqiza kakhulu kunesistimu yemisele (Yuan et al. 2013) ngoba izikhwama ezigoqiwe zivumela i-substrate ukuthi ihlukaniswe ngokomzimba kusuka phansi; ngaleyo ndlela, kunciphisa amathuba okungcolisa ama-substrates ngamagciwane atholakala emhlabathini. Noma kunjalo, izici ezibonakalayo nezamakhemikhali ze-substrate (emiseleni noma ezikhwameni ezigoqiwe) zingawohloka ngesizini ngayinye yokusika (Ingoma et al. 2013), okunciphisa amandla okunikezwa kwezakhi (Ingoma etal. 2013). Ngakho-ke, ukuvuselelwa kwe-substrate kuyadingeka.
Ukwenyuka kokusetshenziswa kahle kwamandla
Izinhlelo zokulima umhlabathi weGobi zisekelwe ngokuphelele kumandla elanga. Isakhiwo siklanyelwe ukugcina ukufudumala okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka ngokusebenzisa nokugcina amandla avela elangeni. Ubude besikhathi sokukhanya kwelanga nsuku zonke, ukushuba kwemisebe yelanga, nezinsuku ezingenasithwathwa zonyaka zibalulekile ekushisiseni amayunithi okulima. Impumalanga kuya enkabeni yeHexi Corridor, njengeWuwei County (37° 96' N, 102° 64' E), iSifundazwe saseGansu, iyindawo emele lapho kugxilwe khona izinsiza ezihlanganisiwe zaseGobiland. Isilinganiso esingu-6150 MJ m 2 imisebe yelanga yonyaka kanye nezinsuku ezingu-156 ezingenasithwathwa zenza izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo zemifino zivuthwe ngekhwalithi ephezulu. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusetshenziswa kahle kwemisebe yelanga, abaphathi beyunithi yokulima basebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokukhulisa ukugcinwa kokushisa nokuthuthukisa ukukhululwa kokushisa, njengezendlalelo ezimbili zefilimu yepulasitiki emnyama enamathiselwe odongeni olusenyakatho (Xu et al. 2014), amapuleti ombala okugcina ukushisa afakwe ophahleni (Sun et al. 2013), izinhlelo ezingajulile zokumunca ukushisa kwenhlabathi ukuze kwandiswe izinga lokushisa lomoya wangaphakathi (Xu et al. 2014), futhi i-ground geotextile isetshenziswa njengesembozo sangaphansi ukuze kugcinwe ukushisa. Futhi, amaphampu okushisa elanga asetshenziselwa ukulawula izinga lokushisa lamanzi emathangeni okugcina amanzi okushisa kwamanye amayunithi okulima (Zhou et al. 2016). Muva nje, amapuleti ombala okugcina ukushisa abekwe phezulu ophahleni ukuze kwandiswe ukumuncwa kokushisa (Sun et al. 2013). Kwezinye zezindawo zokugcina izithombo zelanga eziyinkimbinkimbi ekulinyweni kwezindawo ezihlanganisiwe, ubuchwepheshe belanga obuthuthukisiwe busetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa indawo yokugcina eshisayo, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla e-photovoltaic, kanye nokusetshenziswa kokukhanya (Cuce et al. 2016). Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla elanga ekukhiqizeni izitshalo ezibamba ukushisa kuthuthuke ezindaweni/emazweni amaningi (Farjana et al. 2018), kuhlanganise Australia, Japan (Cossu et al. 2017), Israyeli (Castello et al. 2017), kanye neJalimane (Schmidt et al. 2012), kanye namazwe asathuthuka njengeNepal (i-Fuller ne-Zahnd 2012) kanye neNdiya (Tiwari et al. 2016). E-China, ukufakwa kwamamojula wesimanje welanga kuyabiza njengamanje, nesikhathi esilinganiselwe sokukhokha seminyaka eyi-9 (Wang et al. 2017). Sicabanga ukuthi njengoba uhlelo lokulima luthuthuka ngobuchwepheshe belanga obuthuthuke kakhulu, isikhathi sokukhokha sizoncipha.
Amazinga okushisa omoya ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwezindawo zeqoqo angasukela ku-20 kuye ku-35 °C ebusika obubandayo enyakatho yeChina. Isibonelo, ezindaweni zelanga e-Lingyuan (41° 20' N, 119° 31' E) esifundazweni saseLiaoning, enyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina, endaweni eyi-12-m, 5.5-m ukuphakama, 65-m ubude belanga elibamba ukushisa elinezinhlelo zokukhipha ukushisa, izinga lokushisa lomoya ebusuku ngaphakathi lifinyelele ku-13 °C kuyilapho ngaphandle -25.8 °C, umehluko ongu-39 °C (Sunetal. 2013).
Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla elanga ekukhiqizeni ukudla kuyisici esibalulekile se "Gobi Agriculture" amasistimu enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeChina. Lokhu kwehluka ezindlini zokugcina izithombo zendabuko noma izindlu zengilazi ezidinga okokufaka kwamandla angaphandle ukuze kutshalwe izitshalo, ezingabiza ngokwezomnotho nangokwemvelo (Hassanien et al. 2016; Canakci et al. 2013; U-Wang et al. 2017). Isibonelo, isilinganiso sonyaka sokusetshenziswa kwamandla kagesi ezindlini zokugcina izithombo ezivamile singaba ngaphezu kuka-500 kW hmy (Hassanien et al. 2016), ngezindleko ezifika ku-USD $65,000150,000 ngonyaka (ocwaningweni lwaseTurkey) (Canakci et al. 2013). Emhlabeni jikelele, ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo ezisekelwe ku-greenhouse kunqunyelwe ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kakhulu kwamandla kanye nokukhathazeka mayelana nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni.
Izinzuzo zemvelo
Ukushisisa izindawo ezibamba ukushisa kwezolimo ngezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi, njengamalahle, uwoyela, negesi yemvelo, kunomthelela ekukhishweni kwekhabhoni nasekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu. Amasistimu okulima umhlaba we-Gobi asebenzisa amandla elanga anikeza izinzuzo ezithuthukisiwe zemvelo ngenxa (i) yokuncipha kokusetshenziswa kwamandla, njengoba ukulima kwezitshalo kuncike ngokuphelele emandleni elanga, ngokungafani nezindlu zezingilazi ezivamile lapho amandla anikezwa ngogesi noma igesi yemvelo ekhiqiza ukukhishwa kwesisi esikhulu esibamba ukushisa; (ii) ukonga amanzi okuthuthukisiwe, njengoba ukutshalwa kwezitshalo kwenzeka ngaphansi kophahla olumbozwe ngepulasitiki olunokuhwamuka okuphansi komhlabathi kanye nesilinganiso esiphezulu sokushibilika: ukuhwamuka. Ukunisela kubhekwa futhi kulawulwa yikhompyutha ephakathi nendawo eyenza ukuchelela okunembayo kube nokulahlekelwa okuncane kwamanzi; (iii) Ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa kulo lonke uhlelo (Chai et al. 2012) noma isigxivizo seyunithi ngayinye yesisindo semifino emisha esekelwe ekuhloleni umjikelezo wempilo (Chai et al. 2014a). Izitshalo ezitshalwe ezindaweni zeqoqo zinesivuno esiphezulu kakhulu ngeyunithi ngayinye yokufaka (njengomanyolo, indawo yokusetshenziswa komhlaba) ene-CO emkhathini eyengeziwe.2 iguqulwa ibe yi-biomass yezitshalo ngokusebenzisa i-photosynthesis ethuthukisiwe kunezinhlelo zokutshala endaweni evulekile (Chang et al. 2013); futhi (iv) ukusetshenziswa kwama-substrates omquba kungase kwenyuse ikhabhoni yomhlabathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (Jaiarree et al. 2014; Chai et al. 2014a).
Ezinye izibonelo zezifundo zilinganisele i-CO2 ukulungiswa yizitshalo ezinhlelweni zokutshalwa kwepulasitiki zamandla elanga aphakeme ngokuphindwe kasishiyagalombili kunezinhlelo zenkundla evulekile zendabuko (Wang et al. 2011). Okuningi ngo-CO2 ukulungisa emayunithi okulima kusho i-CO encane2 ukukhishwa emkhathini (Wu et al. 2015). Ubukhulu bomphumela buyahlukahluka ngendawo yendawo kanye nesakhiwo samayunithi okulima (Chai et al. I-2014c). Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa futhi ukuthi ukulima kwesikhungo kuvumela izitshalo ukuthi zilungise i-CO eningi2 kusuka emkhathini ngenkathi ikhipha amagesi abamba ukushisa ambalwa ngekhilogramu yomkhiqizo (Chang et al. 2011). Akukho ukushisisa okwengeziwe okunikezwayo ezindaweni zokulima, ngisho nasebusika, konga cishe u-750 Mg ha.-1 wamandla uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhiqizwa okuvamile, okushiswe ngamalahle (Gao et al. 2010). Ukulinywa kwe-Gobiland wuhlelo lwe-carbon-smart lokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa komjikelezo wokuphila kokutshalwa kwesikhungo kuyashoda ezincwadini, futhi ucwaningo olujulile luyadingeka ukuze kuhlolwe umthelela wemvelo walezi zinhlelo zokulima.
Izinzuzo zemvelo
I-Northwestern China inothe ngokukhanya kwelanga kanye nezinsiza zokushisa ezinokukhanya kwelanga kwaminyaka yonke okusukela ku-2800 kuya ku-3300 h. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe zokulima umhlaba we-Gobi wamandla elanga angashintsha ukukhanya nokushisa kube ukukhiqizwa kokudla futhi kunikeze izinzuzo ezibalulekile zemvelo, ezinye zazo ezigqanyiswe ngezansi.
Okokuqala, umhlaba wakwaGobi usetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izitshalo ezisezingeni eliphezulu ukuze kutholakale ukudla. E-China, isilinganiso somhlaba olimekayo nge-100 capita singamahektha ayi-8 (FAOSTAT 2014), ngaphansi kakhulu kwamahektha angama-52 e-USA, amahektha ayi-125 eCanada, namahektha angama-214 e-Australia. Izinsiza ze-Cropland e-China zincipha ngokushesha ngenxa yokukhula ngokushesha kwamadolobha. Ibhekene nomhlabathi olimekayo olinganiselwe ngomuntu ngamunye, kuhlanganiswe nendawo yezitshalo esetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha, iShayina yathatha isinyathelo esibalulekile sokuhlola insada yezwe lamaGobi ukuze kulinywe izitshalo (Jiang et al. 2014). Ukulima kwendabuko akunakwenzeka emhlabeni owugwadule, ongakhiqizi waseGobi (Fig. 6a). Ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokulima ezihlanganisiwe emhlabeni wakwaGobi kunikeza izici ezihlukile zokudambisa izingxabano zomhlaba phakathi kwezolimo neminye imikhakha yezomnotho (Fig. 6b) kanye nokusiza ukutholakala kokudla okuphephile ezweni elinabantu abaningi.
Okwesibili, uhlelo lokukhiqiza lusebenzisa kakhulu izinsiza ezitholakala endaweni. Iyunithi ngayinye yokulima ohlelweni yakhiwe futhi isekelwe ngamafreyimu enziwe ngokhuni, uqalo, noma izinti zensimbi. Ebusika obubandayo, omata botshani abenziwe endaweni noma izingubo zokulala ezishisayo zigoqwa ophahleni oluyisithambeka ukuze kufakwe izinto ezengeziwe. Izindonga ezisenyakatho zamayunithi okulima nazo zakhiwe kusetshenziswa izinto ezitholakala endaweni, njengamabhulokhi anefreyimu yensimbi kanye notshani (Fig. 7a), izikhwama zesanti (isib. 7b), itshe-inhlanganisela usimende (Fig. 7c), noma izitini ezivamile (Fig. 7d).
Izinto ezitholakala endaweni zinikeza izinzuzo ezibalulekile zemvelo nezomnotho ngoba zingatholakala ngokushibhile noma ziqoqwe mahhala (isb, amatshe namatshe ezindaweni eziwugwadule eziseduze), ngezidingo zokuthutha ezincane. Futhi, izinto zokuthutha izinto zokwakha, ukwenza ama-substrates, kanye nokutshala izitshalo sezitholakala kancane kancane ukuze kulinywe indawo yeqoqo; lokhu kusiza ukuxazulula ukushoda kwabasebenzi bezolimo kwezinye izindawo zasemaphandleni eShayina.
Okwesithathu, lolu hlelo lokulima lunikeza amathuba okuthuthukisa imvelo yesifunda. Engxenyeni enkulu yeNyakatho-ntshonalanga yeChina, izwe laseGobi alinazo izimila (Fig. 6a) okuholela ezimweni zemvelo ezintekenteke. Ukuguguleka komoya kuvame futhi kuba kubi kakhulu ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Iziphepho zothuli ezivamile zisuka enyakatho-ntshonalanga ngokuvamile zidlulela kwezinye izindawo zase-Asia. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokulima ezihlangene zamandla elanga akugcini nje ngokuba namandla okusabela ngesikhathi esisodwa ekuncipheni kokutholakala komhlaba ofanelekayo e-China, kodwa kudlala indima ekudambiseni ubuthakathaka besimiso sezinto eziphilayo ogwadule siye endaweni eyomile enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeChina (Gao et al. 2010; U-Wang et al. 2017). Ukuguqulwa komhlaba wakwaGobi oshiywe uwenziwe umhlaba wokulima kungase kusize ekusunguleni uhlelo olusha lwezemvelo, oluzoshintsha ukubukeka kwemvelo yakudala futhi luhlobise indawo ezungezile.
Imithelela ekuzinzeni kwemiphakathi yasemakhaya
Ukuthuthukiswa kwenhlalakahle yezomnotho enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeChina kusalele ngemuva kwezifunda ezimaphakathi nempumalanga, nezifunda eziningi zomphakathi ezingaphansi kwezinga lezwe lobumpofu. Ukuhlolwa kwezindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba waseGobi ukuze kukhiqizwe izithelo nemifino kuvulela lesi sifunda umnyango wokusheshisa ukuthuthukiswa kwenhlalakahle yezomnotho. Iphendula ukonakala kogwadule lwe-Gobi kube izinzuzo ezihlukile zezomnotho zesifunda, hhayi nje ukukhuthaza imboni yezolimo kodwa ukushayela ezinye izimboni, okusiza ukusimamisa imiphakathi yasemakhaya. Lolu hlelo lwezolimo olungabizi kakhulu seluba yingqophamlando ebalulekile emiphakathini yasemakhaya ebuthanela.
Uhlelo lokulima umhlabathi weGobi lukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kokudla futhi lukhulise imali engenayo yasekhaya. Ezindaweni ezinamazinga okushisa ngaphezulu -28 °C ebusika, izindawo zokugcina izithombo ezinamandla elanga zisebenzisa ngokugcwele amandla elanga nomhlaba ongalimeki ukuze zikhiqize izithelo nemifino unyaka wonke. Izitshalo ezindaweni zokulima ezihlanganisiwe zithela kakhulu kunokukhiqizwa kwensimu evulekile ngenani eliphezulu lemali engenayo nephumayo. Sihlaziye umphumela wezomnotho ezifundweni eziyi-14 ngamayunithi ayi-120 okulima isizinda samandla elanga (Xie et al. 2017) ukuthola isamba semali engenayo engu-USD $56,650 ha 1 y 1, kube 10-Izikhathi ezingama-30 eziphakeme kunalezo ezivela ekukhiqizweni kwenkundla evulekile endaweni efanayo yokwakheka komhlaba. Ngenxa yalokho, inzuzo esele ekulinyweni kwemifino kwaba ngu-10-Izikhathi eziyi-15 ezinkulu kunokukhiqizwa kwemifino yasendle kanye nama-70-Inkulu ngokuphindwe ka-125 kunommbila wensimu evulekile (Zea mays) noma ukolweni (I-Triticum aestivum) ukukhiqizwa.
Ukusungulwa kwalezi zinhlelo ezintsha zokulima kudala amathuba omsebenzi ezindaweni zasemakhaya. Ukulinywa kwendawo kuguqula isikhathi sokuphumula sasebusika sibe inkathi ematasa, ekhiqizayo, okudala amathuba emisebenzi yasemaphandleni, ikakhulukazi ebusika lapho imindeni yasemapulazini ivame "ngisele ekhaya ngedwa" ngaphandle kokuqashwa. Ukukhiqizwa nokudayiswa kwezithelo nemifino kuwumsebenzi onzima. Izisebenzi eziningi zasemakhaya zingabelwa endaweni yokulima (isib. 8a), kanti ezinye zingabelwa ukuthuthwa nokuthengisa umkhiqizo emiphakathini yendawo noma eseduze (Fig. 8b). Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukucutshungulwa, ukugcinwa, ukulondolozwa, nokudayiswa kwemikhiqizo emisha kuhlinzeka ngamathuba omsebenzi ake angekho, asiza ekwakheni umphakathi ozwanayo ngokwenhlalo (Fig. 8c) kanye nokugqugquzela umoya womphakathi wasemakhaya.
Ayikho imibiko eshicilelwe yokuthi uhlelo lokulima oluhlanganisiwe lungathinta kanjani ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi wasemakhaya. Siphakamisa ukuthi lezi zinhlelo zisize ukuqhubeka nokusimama kwemiphakathi yasemakhaya. Ukusungulwa kwezinhlelo zokulima umhlabathi we-Gobi kwenza ezolimo enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeShayina zikhule zidlule umngcele wokuqala wokukhiqiza. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuphila komphakathi nokuzinza kwesikhathi eside kuyathuthukiswa ngoba (i) ubuchwepheshe obusha buthuthukiswa njalo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukulinywa komhlaba we-Gobi, njengokuzalanisa izitshalo, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-substrate, nezindlela zokulawula izinambuzane, okuba izindlela ezibalulekile zemiphakathi yasemakhaya ukuthuthukisa indlela esimeme; (ii) ukulima endaweni kuhlinzeka ngokuhlinzekwa konyaka wonke kwezithelo nemifino esisha emphakathini, okwanelisa izidingo ezikhulayo zezakhamizi ezisezingeni eliphakathi ukuze zithole ukudla okunomsoco kanye nokudla okunempilo; kanye (iii) nokusungulwa kohlelo olusha lokutshala kusiza ukuqinisa ukuhlangana kwangaphakathi kwamaqembu ezizwe eziyingcosana, njengoba izakhamuzi zamaqembu ezinhlanga ezincane zidinga ukudla okuhlukahlukene okunezici ezihlukile, ezeneliswa yimikhiqizo emisha yonyaka wonke yezinhlelo zokulima.
Izinselele ezinkulu
Izinhlelo zokulima umhlabathi we-Gobi bezilokhu zivela ngokushesha e-China eminyakeni yamuva nje zinamandla okwandisa izindawo zezikhungo namazinga okukhiqiza (Jiang et al. 2015). Kodwa-ke, ezinye izithiyo nezinselelo kumele zibhekwe.
Izingqinamba zemithombo yamanzi
Enye yezinselelo ezinkulu kwezolimo enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeChina ukushoda kwamanzi. Ukutholakala kwamanzi ahlanzekile ngonyaka kuphansi ku-<760 m3 umuntu ngamunye y 1 (Chai et al. I-2014b). Emhubheni we-Hexi weSifundazwe saseGansu, imvula yonyaka ingaphansi kuka-160 mm kuyilapho ukuhwamuka kwaminyaka yonke kungu> 1500 mm (Deng et al. 2006). Izitshalo eziningi ezake zakhiqiza eduze koSilk Road sezikhona "kumiswe okwesikhashana" eminyakeni yakamuva ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamanzi. Izitshalo eziningi ezitshalwa endaweni evulekile zisebenzisa ngokwesiko "izikhukhula" ukuchelela okwedlula i-10,000 m3 ha-1 ngesikhathi sokutshala (Chai et al. 2016). Ukuxhashazwa ngokweqile kwemithombo yamanzi kungenzeka kuqhubekisele phambili ukuwohloka kwemvelo kanye nokuqeda imithombo yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba angavuseleleki (uMartinez-Fernandez no-Esteve 2005). Ukukhiqizwa kwemifino kudinga amanzi amaningi esikhathini eside sokukhula, futhi imvula ayikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokukhula kahle kwezitshalo. Emhubheni i-Hexi weSifundazwe saseGansu, lapho izinhlelo zokutshala izindawo ezihlanganisiwe zenyuke ngokushesha eminyakeni yamuva, umthombo omkhulu wamanzi wayo yonke imikhakha usuka ekunqwabelaniseni kweqhwa eNtabeni i-Qilian ebusika, lapho ukuncibilika kweqhwa ehlobo kuphakela imifula namanzi angaphansi komhlaba. izigodi (Chai et al. I-2014b). Emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule, izinga leqhwa elilinganisekayo eNtabeni i-Qilian lenyukele phezulu ngenani lika-0.2 kuya ku-1.0 m ngonyaka (Che no-Li 2005), kuyilapho itafula lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ezigodini (elihlinzekwa ngamanzi avela ezintabeni) liye lawa ngokuqhubekayo, futhi ukutholakala kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kwehle kakhulu (Zhang 2007). Ngenxa yalokho, ezinye izizinda zemvelo eziseduze koSilk Road endala ziya ngokuya zishabalala. Okunye ukumbiwa kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi kusetshenziswe ukonga imvula ukuze kuhlinzekwe amanzi engeziwe, kodwa ukusebenza kahle kwawo ngokuvamile kuphansi. Indlela yokulondoloza amanzi noma ukuthuthukisa i-WUE ekukhiqizeni izitshalo kubalulekile ekusebenzeni isikhathi eside kwezinhlelo zokulima umhlabathi we-Gobi.
Izimo zemvelo ezintekenteke
Enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeChina, ukunikezwa komhlaba kubi. Izintaba nezigodi, kanye nama-oases kanye nezwe laseGobi, kwenza indawo yemvelo eyinkimbinkimbi. Isomiso esivamile neziphepho zothuli zenza isimo semvelo sibe sibi kakhulu. Cishe ama-88% ayo yonke indawo yeGansu Hexi Corridor ihlaselwe ugwadule, futhi umugqa wokuphenduka ugwadule uya eningizimu uya endaweni yokulima. Izimo zemvelo esifundeni esisenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeChina zichazwe ngokuthi "umoya ophephula amatshe yonke indawo enotshani obungakhuli ndawo," ukuvezwa kwendawo ezungezile ebuthakathaka. Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwezibulala-zinambuzane ekulimeni kwesikhungo kuyingozi engokwemvelo engaba yingozi kubasebenzi. Ukuntuleka kokwelashwa okufanele kwama-substrates ezinto eziphilayo agaywe kabusha kungase kungcolise imithombo yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, kubangele ukukhathazeka komphakathi jikelele.
Izithiyo zezinsiza zabasebenzi
Ukuhlinzekwa kwabasebenzi kwezolimo ngokuvamile kuncane futhi akwenele, njengoba izisebenzi eziningi ezisencane zithuthela emadolobheni ukuze ziziphilise, okuholela ekuntulekeni kwezinsiza zezolimo ezindaweni zasemaphandleni. Izinqubomgomo zamanje zikahulumeni zokugqugquzela ukuzimisela kwabalimi ukulima izilimo azihambisani nokuthuthukiswa komphakathi wasemakhaya, okwenza kube nokushoda kwezisebenzi zasemakhaya. Futhi, ipulazi lomndeni njengeyunithi yokulima ezimele lihlala liwuhlelo oluyinhloko lokuphathwa kwepulazi, futhi izinqubomgomo zamanje zikahulumeni mayelana nobunikazi bomhlaba zingase zinqabele abalimi ukuthenga nokudayisa umhlaba, okungase kuvimbele ukuthuthukiswa okubanzi kwezinhlelo zokulima. Ukwengeza, amazinga emfundo enyakatho-ntshonalanga ngokuvamile aphansi kunezifunda ezimaphakathi nezisempumalanga. UHulumeni Omkhulu usebenzise izinqubomgomo zemfundo eyimpoqo ezweni lonke, kodwa abantu abaningi enyakatho-ntshonalanga abakwazi ukuqeda iminyaka eyi-9 yemfundo. Konke lokhu okungenhla kungase kudale isimo esingesihle sokuhlinzekwa kwabasebenzi basezindaweni zasemakhaya, okungase kuthikameze ukuthuthukiswa okubanzi kwezinhlelo zezakhiwo zomhlaba wakwaGobi.
Ukusimama komnotho
Ngokuthuthuka kwamazinga okuphila, abathengi bafuna uhla lwemikhiqizo emisha yekhwalithi ephezulu kanye nenani lokudla okunempilo. Kunedlanzana elikhulu labantu (ikakhulukazi abanomazisi be-Hui kanye ne-Dongxiang) enyakatho-ntshonalanga abanomkhuba wokudla odla imifino, odinga imikhiqizo eyahlukene ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabo. Lokhu kudala amathuba ezimakethe ezintsha ngemikhiqizo emisha. Kodwa-ke, imakethe yemikhiqizo emisha ehlinzekwa yizinhlelo zokulima umhlabathi wakwaGobi ingase igcwale kalula ngoba inani labantu ezifundazweni eziyisithupha ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga libala u-6.6% kuphela wezwe.'s inani, ngemali engenayo elahlekayo ephansi kakhulu ngomuntu ngamunye. Ngo-2012, i-GDP ngomuntu ngamunye ezifundazweni eziyisithupha ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga yaba yi-avareji yama-Yuan angu-26,733 (okulingana no-USD $4100), okwakungama-31% ngaphansi kwezwe.'s isilinganiso. Imali engenayo ephansi enabathengi abambalwa ingase ikhawulele ukuthuthukiswa kwezimakethe ezintsha ezindaweni zasendaweni futhi ithwale izingozi ezinkulu zokusimama komnotho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kudingeka ucwaningo ukuze kuphenywe ukuthi lolu hlelo lungasimama kanjani, nokuthi yini engenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusimama komnotho wesikhathi eside. Siyaqaphela ukuthi maningi amathuba okuthi kudayiswe umkhiqizo omusha ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi ezimaphakathi nempumalanga yezwe. Siphakamisa ukuthi izinto eziza kuqala ekwandiseni izimakethe zigxile kulokhu: (i) ukusungula lokho okuthiwa "dragon-chain" marketing Logistics ukuthi izixhumanisi "ukulima-abathengisayo-abathengisi kabusha-abathengi" ku-value chain; (ii) ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokuthutha phakathi kwezifunda eziqondene ngqo nokuthuthwa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo; kanye (iii) nokuthuthukisa izindlela zokulawula ikhwalithi, umshwalense wokuphepha, kanye namanani afanelekile.
Izinga lomkhiqizo kanye nempilo
Izinsimbi ezisindayo ziphakeme kwezinye izindawo zenhlabathi kunasezinsimu ezivulekile. Umkhiqizo otshalwe endaweni kwesinye isikhathi uqukethe izinto eziyingozi eziqondiwe ezinsimbi ezisindayo kunemifino yasendle (Chen et al. 2016), ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi imfucuza yabantu nezinye izinto ezilahlwayo zifakwe kuma-substrates. Kwezinye izikhungo, ama-fertilizer okwenziwa ngokweqile afinyelela ku-670 kg N ha 1, kanye ne-1230 kg N ha 1 kusuka ezintweni eziphilayo ezinjengomquba, zisetshenziswa minyaka yonke ukukhiqizwa kwemifino (Gao et al. 2012). Ukwengeza, ifilimu yepulasitiki esetshenziselwa uphahla kanye nesembozo somhlaba ezindaweni zokulima ngokuvamile ihlotshaniswa nama-esters e-phthalic acids anezelwa ngesikhathi sokwenziwa kwefilimu yepulasitiki. Kungase kube nezingozi zezempilo zesikhathi eside kubalimi abachayeka ezintweni ezingcolisayo (Ma et al. 2015; U-Wang et al. 2015; UZhang et al. 2015). Amazinga ama-phthalates enhlabathini yaseShayina ngokuvamile asezingeni eliphezulu lobubanzi bomhlaba (Lu et al. 2018), kanye nezitshalo ezisezikhungweni ezenziwe ngepulasitiki kakhulu zingaqukatha amazinga aphezulu ama-phthalates (Chen et al. 2016; UMa et al. 2015; UZhang et al. 2015). Ukuchayeka kwabasebenzi kuma-phthalates kungase kube nezingozi zempilo (Lu et al. 2018). Ucwaningo luyadingeka ukuthuthukisa izindlela ezisebenzayo zokunciphisa ukugxila kwe-phthalate emkhiqizweni. Ingozi yokulandela amanani e-phthalates empilweni yomuntu ingase ingabi nhlobo noma ibe mancane kodwa idinga ukuqinisekiswa. Amaleveli omkhawulo wokugxiliswa kwensimbi enzima kufanele acaciswe emikhiqizweni yokugcina. Ezinye izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-bioremediation zingase zidinge ukuthi zithuthukiswe ukuze kulungiswe inhlabathi yokungcoliswa kwensimbi ephezulu ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wokugxilisa okunamandla kwensimbi esindayo.
Ukubeka imigomo yentuthuko esimeme ezinhlelweni zomhlaba wakwaGobi
Izinhlelo zokulima ezihlanganisiwe ziye zathuthuka ngokushesha enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeChina. NgoJuni 2017, cishe amahektha angama-3000 omhlaba wakwaGobi wawulinywa endaweni esifundazweni saseGansu kuphela. Le ndawo inezinzuzo zendawo yemifino ukukhiqizwa, okuhlanganisa amahora amade okukhanya kwelanga, umehluko omkhulu wokushisa phakathi kwemini nobusuku, nesibhakabhaka esicwathile esinokungcola okuncane/okungatholakali komoya. Izikhungo zokulima zibhekwa njenge "Gobi land miracle" kweChina'ukuthuthukiswa kwenhlalo-mnotho. Sincoma lokhu okulandelayo kokubeka inqubomgomo okubalulekile ukuze siqinisekise ukuthuthukiswa okunempilo kohlelo olunozinzo lwesikhathi eside.
Ibhalansi phakathi kokuhlola nokuvikela
Siphakamisa ukuthi kuthuthukiswe izinqubomgomo ezigxile kukho "ukuvikela imvelo ngenkathi uhlola umhlaba osanda kutholwa," okusho ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokulima umhlaba wakwaGobi akumele kube nomthelela omubi kwezemvelo. Inqubomgomo kufanele icacise ukuthi ingaqiniswa kanjani ukukhiqiza kwesistimu kuyilapho iphromotha ukusimama kwemvelo. Amakhredithi emvelo, "umshwalense oluhlaza," futhi "ukuthenga okuluhlaza" kufanele kucatshangelwe futhi kufakwe ekuhlolweni kokusimama kwesistimu. Kudingeka nezinqubomgomo zokusebenzisa umanyolo wamakhemikhali, izinsimbi ezisindayo nezinto eziyingozi, izibulala-zinambuzane eziyinsalela ephezulu, nokugaywa kabusha kwefilimu yepulasitiki, phakathi kokunye. Ezinye izinqubomgomo ezithile kufanele zisungulwe ukuze ziqondise ezindabeni ezibalulekile zasendaweni. Isibonelo, izindawo zokugcina amanzi kufanele zakhiwe eduze kwezindawo zokulima endaweni engasentshonalanga ye-Hexi Corridor lapho ukuthutha okukhona njengamanje okuvulekile kwamanzi okunisela amayunithi okutshala kunezingozi ezinkulu zokulahlekelwa kwamanzi ngesikhathi sokuthutha nokunisela.
Ukwakha izindlela ezihlelekile zokusebenzisa amanzi nokonga amanzi
Ukuze kusetshenziswe ngokugcwele umhlaba ochichimayo wakwaGobi enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeChina, kufanele kube nenqubomgomo eqinile nesebenzayo yokusetshenziswa kwamanzi. Okubalulekile esikhathini esiseduze kubandakanya: (i) imithetho yokuvikela imithombo yamanzi "isilinganiso samanzi,""isilawuli sokumba amanzi," futhi "imifudlana neziphethu igunya" nemithethonqubo enemininingwane mayelana namalungelo amanzi, izabelo, izinkokhiso, nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi; (ii) ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokuqoqa amanzi kanye nokugcina amanzi emvula kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, ukusetshenziswa kahle kwemithombo yamanzi angaphezulu, ukuhlola okuhleliwe kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, kanye nokuqaliswa kohlelo lwezimvume zokuthatha amanzi; (iii) ukuqinisa izibopho zezinhlaka zokuphatha kuwo wonke amazinga ukulawula ukwabiwa kwamanzi, ukuqeda ukumoshwa kwamanzi, kanye nokugqugquzela ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi ngendlela ephusile; (iv) ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zezolimo zokonga amanzi, okuhlanganisa ukusuka ekuniseleleni amanzi ezikhukhula noma emiseleni ukuya ekucheleni ngamaconsi angaphansi komhlaba, kusetshenziswa izimbobo zokuhlobisa ukuze kuncishiswe ukuhwamuka, kanye nokwenza ngcono izinhlelo zemisele yokunisela yasensimini; kanye (v) isikhathi eside, ukugqugquzelwa kokuzalaniswa kwemihlobo ekwazi ukumelana nesomiso, ukulungisa izinhlelo zokulima, nokwenza ngcono ingqalasizinda yokwakha izakhiwo.
Qinisa ukusungulwa kwe-agrotechnology
Ubuchwepheshe budlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni okusimeme kwezinhlelo zokulima umhlabathi wakwaGobi; ngalokho, inqubomgomo yezobuchwepheshe kufanele ihlanganise: (i) ukwakhiwa kwezikhungo zesifunda zokuqamba ezintsha neziteshi zokuhlola, ukusungulwa kwe "uxhaso oluqondisiwe" eziqondene nezinhlelo zokulima umhlaba wakwaGobi ukuze kubhekwane nezindaba eziphuthumayo, kanye nokwenyuka kokutshalwa kwezimali ocwaningweni/emibukiso nasezinkundleni zokuxhumana ze-techinnovation; (ii) ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokunwetshwa kobuchwepheshe—lapho izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni zikhuthaza izikhungo zocwaningo kuwo wonke amazinga ukuze ziqhubekisele phambili ukuduma kobuchwepheshe—kanye nokusungulwa kwamahhovisi obuchwepheshe basekhaya ukuze zenze izinsiza zobuchwepheshe ezindaweni zasemakhaya; (iii) ukwamukelwa kwezinyathelo zokuheha nokugcina abasebenzi ukuthi basebenze esifundeni esingathuthukisiwe esisenyakatho-ntshonalanga; (iv) ukwenyusa amazinga emfundo yabalimi ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-9 eyimpoqo, ukugqugquzelwa kolwazi lwezobuchwepheshe kubantu basemakhaya ngokuqeqeshwa kwamakhono omsebenzi, kanye nokuthuthukisa isizukulwane esisha sabalimi ukuthi basebenzise ubuchwepheshe bezolimo obusha; kanye (v) nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokuqeqesha okukhethekile ngamanyuvesi nezikhungo zocwaningo zabasebenzi bezobuchwepheshe bezolimo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ubuchwepheshe obuphambili.
Lawula uchungechunge lokudla
Inani lezithelo nemifino emisha ekhiqizwa ezindaweni ezihlangene ngokuvamile lingaphezu kwalelo elidingwa imiphakathi yasendaweni neseduze yasemakhaya nasemadolobheni. Ukuthuthwa kwemikhiqizo emisha ngesikhathi esifanele kwezinye izimakethe zasekhaya nezaphesheya kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhiqizwa nokumaketha kuyalingana. Izinqubomgomo ziyadingeka ukuze kube lula izindlela zokumaketha kanye nelogistics. Amacultivar kufanele afuywe ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo zezimakethe ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene kanye nokunambitha okufanelana nezinhlanga ezehlukene nezenkolo. Inqubomgomo kufanele isekele izimakethe ezithengisa izinto ezithengiswayo, izitolo ezidayisa ukudla, i-cold chain logistics, kanye nezinhlelo zokuqapha ulwazi. Kungase kudingeke inqubomgomo yezinhlelo zezokuthutha, okuhlanganisa ukwakhiwa kojantshi besitimela abakhulu abaholela enkabeni nasempumalanga yeChina, kanye nokufinyelela eziteshini ezihamba phezu komhlaba e-Russia, Outer Mongolia, Western Asia, naseYurophu.
Hlakulela abalimi abangochwepheshe
Abalimi yibona ababambiqhaza abakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwenhlalakahle yomphakathi yasezindaweni zasemakhaya, kodwa abalimi abaningi abasebasha bathuthele emadolobheni ukuze bathole enye imali, bashiya indawo yezitshalo ingenalutho iminyaka eminingi ikhiqiza kancane noma ingekho nhlobo kwezinye izindawo (Seeberg naseLuo 2018; Yebo 2018). Kudingeka inqubomgomo esekela ukukhushulwa kwemali etholwa emapulazini ngokukhiqizwa kokudla ukuze kugqugquzelwe abalimi abasebasha ukuthi bahlale emapulazini, okuzogcina kuthuthukisa ukuzinza kwezenhlalo nezomnotho emiphakathini yasemakhaya. Iphuzu elibalulekile lalo mgomo kufanele lihlakulele uhlobo olusha lwabalimi abaneziqu ezithuthukisiwe kanye namakhono okuphatha, lisize umnyakazo ongase ube khona usuka emapulazini omndeni wendabuko, ozimele, amancane uye kumabhizinisi amakhulu amapulazi—indlela yokuthuthukisa ezolimo zesimanje eShayina. Inqubomgomo yamanje yomhlaba ingase idinge ukuvuselelwa, ukuvumela abalimi abanamakhono, abachwepheshile ukuba bandise amapulazi abo futhi bathuthukise ukuphatha amapulazi, lapho kufanele khona.
Sungula isistimu yesevisi yomphakathi ezwakalayo
Imiphakathi yasemaphandleni enyakatho-ntshonalanga ibikade ingathuthukile kahle uma iqhathaniswa neChina emaphakathi nasempumalanga. Izinqubomgomo ziyadingeka ukuze kusungulwe izinhlelo zesevisi yezenhlalakahle ezisebenzayo ezigxile ekuthuthukiseni imfundo, ezempilo kanye nokuqashwa, kanye nokuthuthukisa izinga lokuphila lilonke. Ezolimo yilona bhizinisi eliwumgogodla emiphakathini yasemakhaya. Izinqubomgomo ziyadingeka ukuze kugqugquzelwe ukuthuthukiswa kwemifelandawonye yezolimo emikhulu ukuze kusetshenziswe umhlabathi kanye nemithombo yamanzi ngendlela ephumelelayo ngenzuzo eyengeziwe yemindeni yamapulazi. Ohlelweni lokulinywa kweGobi-land, inqubomgomo iyadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo, ukucubungula ukudla, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwemikhiqizo emiphakathini yendawo kanye neseduze. Ukuhlelwa okuthuthukisiwe/ukusabalalisa izindawo zokulima kuzo zonke izifunda zemvelo ezihlukene ziyadingeka ukuze kwaneliswe izidingo ezihlukene zabathengi zezithelo nemifino emisha ezingeni lesifunda/lendawo kanye nokuhlola amathuba ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe. Kudingeka futhi inqubomgomo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo ovela kumasistimu esikhungo anemininingwane yokugcinwa, ukuthuthwa, kanye nokusatshalaliswa komkhiqizo omusha ngaphandle kwesizini ukuze kuncishiswe ubungozi bokulahlekelwa ubusha nekhwalithi.
iziphetho
Imithombo yomhlaba ibalulekile kwezolimo futhi ixhumene nezinselelo zomhlaba wonke zokuvikeleka kokudla kanye nempilo yezigidi zabantu basemaphandleni. Isibalo sabantu emhlabeni wonke kulindeleke ukuthi sifinyelele ezigidini eziyisi-9.1 ngonyaka wezi-2050 kanti ukukhiqizwa kokudla emazweni asathuthuka kumele kuphindeke kabili ukusuka ezingeni lika-2015. Imithombo yomhlaba ingaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu emazweni asathuthuka ngenxa yokukhula ngokushesha kwamadolobha aqhudelana nomhlaba otholakalayo nezolimo. I-China isisungule izinhlelo ezintsha zokulima izitshalo emhlabeni wakwaGobi, okungukuthi "Gobi Agriculture," okuhlanganisa iqoqo lezinyunithi eziningi (ezifika kumakhulu) zokulima ngazinye ezenziwe ngezinto ezitholakala endaweni futhi ezinikwa amandla amandla elanga. Amayunithi okulima afulelwe ngepulasitiki, afana ne-greenhouse akhiqiza izithelo nemifino yekhwalithi ephezulu unyaka wonke. Silinganisela ukuthi lezi zinhlelo zizohlanganisa amahektha ayizigidi ezi-2.2 ngo-2020, zibe yisisekelo sokukhiqizwa kokudla e-China.'s umlando wezolimo. Kulesi sibuyekezo, sihlonze izici ezithile eziyingqayizivele zezinhlelo zokulima, okuhlanganisa ukwanda kokukhiqiza komhlaba ngeyunithi ngayinye yokokufaka, i-WUE ethuthukisiwe, kanye nezinzuzo ezithuthukisiwe zemvelo nezemvelo. Lolu hlelo lokulima lunikeza amathuba amahle kakhulu okuhlola izinsiza ezitholakala endaweni ukuze kuthuthukiswe abantu basemaphandleni nokuqinisekisa ukuphila kwesikhathi eside kwemiphakathi yasemakhaya. Lolu hlelo luphinde lubhekane nezinselelo ezibalulekile okufanele zixazululwe.
Sihlonze izinkinga ezithile ezibalulekile kanye nezindawo ezibalulekile ezihambisana nazo zocwaningo esikhathini esiseduze (3-Iminyaka emi-5) engasiza ukuthuthukisa ukusimama kwalolu hlelo lokutshala oluyingqayizivele. Siphakamisa ngokuqinile ukuthi izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni ezifanele kanye nezinhlelo zezinsizakalo zezenhlalakahle ezindaweni zasemakhaya zithuthukiswe ukuze kuqinisekiswe inzuzo yezomnotho kanye nokusimama kwemvelo kwezinhlelo zokulima i-Gobi-land.
Ukuvuma Ababhali bathanda ukubonga bonke abanikele ngesikhathi sabo namandla abo ekubambeni iqhaza kulolu cwaningo, kanye nabasebenzi baseVegetable Technical Service Centre yaseSuzhou District, Jiuquan, kanye neWuwei Agricultural Extension Services, Wuwei, Gansu, ngokuhlinzeka ngedatha ethile. nezithombe ezivezwe esihlokweni.
Izimali Lolu cwaningo luxhaswe ngokubambisana ngabakwa "Isikhwama Sikahulumeni Esikhethekile Socwaningo Lwesayensi Yezolimo Ezithakazelweni Zomphakathi (inombolo yesibonelelo 201203001),""I-China Agriculture Research Systems (inombolo yesibonelelo CARS-23-C-07),""Isikhwama Sephrojekthi Yesayensi Nezobuchwepheshe Yesifundazwe saseGansu (inombolo yesibonelelo 17ZD2NA015)," futhi "Isikhwama Esikhethekile SeSayensi Nobuchwepheshe Nokusungula Kabusha Siqondiswa Isifundazwe saseGansu (inombolo yesibonelelo 2018ZX-02)."
Ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zokuziphatha
Ukungqubuzana kwesithakazelo Abalobi bamemezela ukuthi abanakho ukuphikisana kwezintshisekelo.
Vula Ukufinyelela Le ndatshana isatshalaliswa ngaphansi kwemigomo ye-Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), evumela ukusetshenziswa okungakhawulelwe, ukusatshalaliswa, kanye nokukhiqizwa kabusha kunoma iyiphi indlela, inqobo nje uma unikeza isikweletu esifanele. kumbhali/ababhali bangempela kanye nomthombo, hlinzeka ngesixhumanisi selayisensi ye-Creative Commons, futhi ubonise uma izinguquko zenziwe.
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