Sachin G. Chavan (1,2,*) , Zhong-Hua Chen (1,3), Oula Ghannoum (1) , Christopher I. Cazzonelli (1) no-David T. Tissue 1,2)
1. Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Sokutshala Imifino Evikelekile, Isikhungo Sezemvelo sase-Hawkesbury, eWestern Sydney
Inyuvesi, Isikhwama Esikhiyiwe 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; z.chen@westernsydney.edu.au (Z.-HC); o.ghannoum@westernsydney.edu.au (OG); c.cazzonelli@westernsydney.edu.au (CIC); d.tissue@westernsydney.edu.au (DTT)
2. I-Global Center for Land Based Innovation, Ikhampasi yase-Hawkesbury, iNyuvesi yaseWestern Sydney,
Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
3. Isikole Sesayensi, iNyuvesi yaseWestern Sydney, ePenrith, NSW 2751, Australia
* Ukuxhumana: s.chavan@westernsydney.edu.au; Ucingo: +61-2-4570-1913
abstract: Ukutshala okuvikelekile kunikeza indlela yokuqinisa ukukhiqizwa kokudla lapho kubhekene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu
kanye nokuletha ukudla okunempilo ngokuqhubekayo ngezinsiza ezimbalwa. Nokho, ukwenza le ndlela yokulima
umnotho, kudingeka sicabangele isimo sokutshala okuvikelwe esimweni sokutholakalayo
ubuchwepheshe kanye nezitshalo ezihlosiwe ze-horticultural. Lokhu kubuyekezwa kuveza amathuba akhona
kanye nezinselelo okumele kubhekwane nazo ngocwaningo oluqhubekayo kanye nokuqanjwa okusha kulokhu okuthokozisayo kodwa
insimu eyinkimbinkimbi e-Australia. Izakhiwo zamapulazi angaphakathi zihlukaniswe kabanzi ngalezi zintathu ezilandelayo
amazinga okuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe: ubucwepheshe obuphansi, obuphakathi kanye nobuphezulu obunezinselele ezihambisanayo
ezidinga izixazululo ezintsha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhawulo ekukhuleni kwezitshalo zasendlini futhi ivikelwe
izinhlelo zokutshala (isb., izindleko eziphezulu zamandla) zikhawulele ukusetshenziswa kwezolimo zasendlini ngokuqhathaniswa
ezimbalwa, izitshalo zenani eliphezulu. Ngakho-ke, sidinga ukuthuthukisa izinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo ezifanele ukulima kwangaphakathi
ezingase zehluke kulezo ezidingekayo ekukhiqizweni kwenkundla evulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunqampuna okuvikelwe
kudinga izindleko eziphezulu zokuqalisa, abasebenzi abanamakhono abizayo, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphezulu, kanye nezinambuzane ezinkulu
kanye nokuphathwa kwezifo kanye nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi. Sekukonke, ukunqampuna okuvikelekile kunikeza izixazululo ezithembisayo
ukuze kube nokuvikeleka kokudla, kuyilapho kunciphisa i-carbon footprint yokukhiqizwa kokudla. Nokho, ngoba endlini
ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo ukuze kube nomthelela omuhle ekuvikelekeni kokudla emhlabeni wonke kanye nokudla okunomsoco
ukuphepha, ukukhiqizwa okunomnotho kwezitshalo ezahlukahlukene kuzobaluleka.
Amagama angukhiye: ukunqampuna okuvikelwe; ipulazi elimile; isiko elingenamhlabathi; ukusebenza kwezitshalo; ezolimo zasendlini;
ukuphepha kokudla; ukusimama kwezinsiza
1. Isingeniso
Inani labantu emhlabeni wonke kulindeleke ukuthi lifinyelele cishe ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-10 ngo-2050, kanti iningi lokukhula okubikezelwe ukuthi lizokwenzeka emadolobheni amakhulu emhlabeni wonke [1,2]. Njengoba inani labantu likhula, ukukhiqizwa kokudla kufanele kukhule futhi kuhlangabezane nezidingo zokudla kanye nezempilo ngenkathi ngesikhathi esifanayo kufinyelelwa Izinjongo Zokuthuthukiswa Okuqhubekayo zeZizwe Ezihlangene (UN SDGs) [3,4]. Ukwehla komhlaba wokulima kanye nomthelela omubi wokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kwezolimo kubangela izinselele ezengeziwe eziphoqa ukuthi kube nezinhlelo ezintsha ezinhlelweni zokukhiqiza ukudla ezizayo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo esikhulayo emashumini ambalwa eminyaka ezayo. Isibonelo, amapulazi ase-Australia avame ukuchayeka ekuguquguqukeni kwesimo sezulu futhi asengozini yemithelela yesikhathi eside yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Isomiso sakamuva empumalanga ye-Australia ngo-2018-19 kanye no-2019-20 sithinte kabi amabhizinisi asemapulazini, ngaleyo ndlela zengeza emiphumeleni eqhamukayo yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwezolimo zase-Australia [5].
Ukutshala okuvikelwe, okubuye kwaziwe ngokuthi ukulima kwangaphakathi [6]—kusukela kuma-polytunnels asezingeni eliphansi kuya ku-medium-tech, izindawo zokugcina izithombo ezilawulwa ngokwengxenye, kuya ezindlini zengilazi 'ezihlakaniphile' zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu kanye namapulazi angaphakathi—kungasiza ukuthuthukisa ukuvikeleka kokudla emhlabeni wonke ngeminyaka yama-21. ikhulu leminyaka. Kodwa-ke, nakuba umbono wedolobha elikwazi ukuziphilisa ukhanga njengendlela yokubhekana nezinselelo zanamuhla, ukuthathwa kokulima kwangaphakathi akuhambisani
isasasa nethemba labasekeli bayo. Ukutshala okuvikelwe kanye nokulima kwangaphakathi kubandakanya ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kobuchwepheshe kanye nokuzishintshanisa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusetshenziswa komhlaba, ngaleyo ndlela kunikeze izixazululo ezijabulisayo zokuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kokudla kwesikhathi esizayo [7]. Emhlabeni jikelele, ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo zasemadolobheni [8,9] kuvame ukwenzeka ngemva kwezinkinga ezingapheli kanye/noma ezinzima, ezifana nokulinganiselwa kokukhanya nesikhala eNetherlands; ukuwa kwemboni yezimoto eDetroit; ukuphahlazeka kwemakethe yezindlu e-US East Coast; kanye nokuvinjwa kwenhlekelele ye-missile yaseCuba. Okunye
umfutho ufike ngendlela yezimakethe ezitholakalayo, okungukuthi, ukutshala okuvikelwe kwanda eSpain [10] ngenxa yokufinyelela kalula kwezwe ezimakethe zaseNyakatho Yurophu. Kanye nezinselelo ezikhona, ubhubhane oluqhubekayo lwe-COVID-19 lunganikeza umfutho odingekayo wokuguqula ezolimo zasemadolobheni [11].
Uma ezolimo zasemadolobheni zizobamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukuvikeleka kokudla nokudla kwabantu, kufanele zilinganiswe emhlabeni wonke ukuze zibe namandla okukhulisa uxhaxha lwemikhiqizo ngendlela eyongayo, enezisetshenziswa kanye neyonga kakhulu. kungenzeka okwamanje. Maningi amathuba akhona okuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo kanye nekhwalithi ngokumatanisa intuthuko ekulawuleni imvelo, ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane, ama-phenomics kanye ne-automation.
ngemizamo yokuzalanisa eqondise izici ezithuthukisa ukwakheka kwezitshalo, ikhwalithi yezitshalo (ukunambitheka nokudla) kanye nesivuno. Izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezitshalo zamanje nezikhulayo ezihlobene nezinhlobo zezitshalo zendabuko, kanye nezitshalo zokwelapha, zingatshalwa emapulazini alawulwa imvelo [12,13].
Isidingo esiseduze sokuthuthukisa ukuvikeleka kokudla kwasemadolobheni kanye nokunciphisa i-carbon footprint yokudla singaxazululwa ngokuqanjwa okusha emikhakheni yezokudla kwezolimo, njengokutshala okuvikelwe kanye nokulima kwangaphakathi okuqondile. Lezi zisuka ku-low-tech poly-tunnels ezinokulawulwa okuncane kwemvelo, i-medium-tech, izindawo zokugcina izithombo ezilawulwa ngokwengxenye kuya ezindlini zezingilazi zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu kanye nezindawo zokulima eziqondile ezinobuchwepheshe besimanje. Ukutshala okuvikelekile kuwumkhakha wokukhiqiza ukudla okhula ngokushesha kakhulu e-Australia, ngokwezinga lokukhiqiza kanye nomthelela wezomnotho [12]. Imboni yokulima evikelekile yase-Australia inezinsiza zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu (17%), izindlu zezingilazi (20%) kanye nezinhlelo zokukhiqiza izitshalo ezisekelwe ku-hydroponic/substrate (52%), okubonisa isidingo nethuba lokuthuthukisa umkhakha we-agrifood. Kulesi sibuyekezo, sidingida isimo sokutshala okuvikelwe kumongo wobuchwepheshe obutholakalayo kanye nezitshalo ze-horticultural ezihlosiwe ezihambisanayo, sichaza amathuba nezinselelo okudingeka zixazululwe ngocwaningo oluqhubekayo e-Australia.
2. Amasu Amanje Nobuchwepheshe Ekunqandeni Okuvikelwe
Ngo-2019, indawo ephelele yomhlaba enikelwe ekulimeni okuvikelwe-okubandakanya, ngokubanzi,
ukutshala izitshalo ngaphansi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zokumboza—kwalinganiselwa kumahekthare angu-5,630,000 (amahektha) emhlabeni jikelele [14]. Ingqikithi yendawo yemifino namakhambi atshalwa ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo (izakhiwo ezihlala unomphela) ilinganiselwa ku-500,000 ha emhlabeni jikelele, kanti u-10% walezi zitshalo otshalwa ezindlini zeglasi kanye no-90% ezindlini zokugcina izithombo zepulasitiki [15,16]. Indawo ye-greenhouse yase-Australia ilinganiselwa cishe kumahektha ayi-1300, enezindlu zokushisa ezisezingeni eliphezulu (cishe amabhizinisi angu-14, ngalinye lithatha indawo engaphansi kwamahektha ayi-5) ezibalelwa ku-17% wale ndawo, kanye nezindawo zokugcina izithombo ezisezingeni eliphansi/ezimaphakathi ezibalelwa ku-83% [17]. ]. Emhlabeni jikelele, izindawo zokugcina izithombo zepulasitiki nezingilazi zakha cishe amaphesenti angama-80 no-20%, ngokulandelana, wezindlu zokugcina izithombo ezikhiqizwayo [16].
Izitshalo ezivikelekile ziwumkhakha wokukhiqiza ukudla okhula ngokushesha kakhulu e-Australia, obiza cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.5 ngonyaka esangweni lepulazi ngo-2017. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe u-30% wabo bonke abalimi base-Australia batshala izitshalo ngendlela ethile yesistimu yokutshala evikelekile, futhi ukuthi izitshalo ezitshalwe ngaphansi kwekhava zihlanganisa cishe u-20% yenani eliphelele lokukhiqizwa kwemifino nezimbali [18]. E-Australia, indawo yokukhiqiza izitshalo ezibamba ukushisa iphezulu kakhulu eNingizimu ye-Australia (580 ha), ilandelwa yiNew South Wales (500 ha) kanye neVictoria (200 ha), kuyilapho iQueensland, Western Australia kanye neTasmania zenza u-<50 ha inye [17]. ].
Ngokusekelwe ku-Australian Horticulture Statistics Handbook (2014-2015) kanye nezingxoxo nemboni, inani eliphelele lokukhiqiza (GVP) lezithelo, imifino, nezimbali lilinganiselwa ku-2017. Phakathi kwezinhlelo ezikhulayo ezisetshenzisiwe, izitshalo ezitshalwe ku-hydroponic/substrate- amasistimu okukhiqiza asekelwe (52%) abhekwa njengenani eliphakeme kunawo wonke, alandelwa yilawo atshalwa ngaphansi kwezinhlelo zokuvundisa inhlabathi (35%), nenhlanganisela yokuvundisa kwenhlabathi kanye nezinhlelo ze-hydroponic/substrate-based (11%), nokusebenzisa i-hydroponics/isondlo. indlela yefilimu (NFT) (2%) (Umfanekiso 1A). Ngokufanayo, phakathi kwezinhlobo zokuvikela, izitshalo ezitshalwa ngaphansi kwezimbobo ze-poly/glass (63%) zine-GVP ephezulu kakhulu, zilandelwa yilezo ezitshalwe ngaphansi kwekhava eningi (23%), izimbobo zesichotho/umthunzi (8%) kanye ne-poly/isichotho/umthunzi ihlanganisa (6%) (Figure 1B) [17]. E-Australia, izibalo zama-GVP zemikhiqizo ethile ye-greenhouse horticulture azitholakali kalula [15].
Umfanekiso we-1. Isamba sokukhiqizwa kwenani eliphelele (GVP) lezitshalo ezivikelwe (2017) ngohlelo olukhulayo (A) nokuvikela (B). Ukukhiqizwa okususelwa ku-Hydroponics/substrate kubandakanya ukukhula kwezitshalo okungenanhlabathi kusetshenziswa i-inert medium efana ne-rockwool. Ukukhiqizwa okusekelwe emhlabathini/kuvundile kubandakanya ukukhula kwezitshalo kusetshenziswa inhlabathi evundile (ukufaka umanyolo namanzi okuhlangene). Indlela yefilimu ye-hydroponics/nutrient film (NFT) ihlanganisa ukuzungeza umfudlana wamanzi ongashoni aqukethe imisoco encibilikisiwe edlula izimpande zezitshalo eziteshini ezingangeni manzi. 'I-Poly' ibhekisela ku-polycarbonate.
Izembozo zesichotho/umthunzi, ngokuvamile ezinezikhala noma indwangu, zivikela izitshalo esichotho futhi zivimba ingxenye yokukhanya okukhulu. I-$ ibhekisela ku-AUD.
Phakathi kwezindawo ezilawulwa yimvelo e-United States, izindawo zokugcina izithombo zengilazi noma ze-polycarbonate (poly) (47%) zivame kakhulu kunamapulazi aqondile angaphakathi (30%), izindlu zepulasitiki ezisezingeni eliphansi (12%), amapulazi eziqukathi (7% ) kanye nezinhlelo zesiko langaphakathi lamanzi ajulile (4%). Phakathi kwezinhlelo ezikhulayo, i-hydroponics (49%) ivame kakhulu kune-groundbased (24%), i-aquaponic (15%), i-aeroponic (6%) kanye ne-hybrid (i-aeroponics, i-hydroponics, inhlabathi) izinhlelo (6%) [19,20].
I-Australia inamapulazi ambalwa athuthukile amile, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi inamadolobha ambalwa aminyene. Kodwa-ke, i-Australia inendawo engaba ngu-1000 ye-greenhouse [16,17] futhi ukuthunyelwa kwemifino nezithelo kukhuphuke kakhulu kusukela ngo-2006 kuya ku-2016 e-Australia [16] ngokukhula kwezitshalo ezingaphansi kwekhava. Nakuba i-Australia yenze isiqalo esihle ekulimeni kwangaphakathi futhi umkhakha unamandla amakhulu okukhula, kudinga isikhathi ukuvuthwa kanye nentuthuko eyengeziwe ukuze ube ngumdlali obalulekile emhlabeni jikelele. Okwamanje, izinsiza zasemapulazini angaphakathi ezigxile kwezohwebo zingahlukaniswa zibe amazinga amathathu alandelayo entuthuko yezobuchwepheshe: ubuchwepheshe obuphansi, obuphakathi nendawo kanye nobuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Ngayinye kuxoxwa ngayo ngokuningiliziwe ezigabeni ezilandelayo.
2.1. Ubuchwepheshe obusha be-Low-Tech Poly-Tunnels
Izakhiwo ezisezingeni eliphansi ze-greenhouse ezifaka isandla kakhulu ekulimeni okuvikelwe zinemikhawulo embalwa edinga izixazululo zobuchwepheshe ukuze zisize ekuguqukeleni ezikhungweni ezinenzuzo ezimaphakathi noma zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ezikhiqiza izitshalo zekhwalithi ephezulu ngezinsiza ezincane. I-low-tech poly-tunnels yenza ama-80-90% okukhiqizwa kwezitshalo ezibamba ukushisa emhlabeni jikelele [20] nase-Australia [17]. Uma kucatshangelwa ingxenye enkulu yama-polytunnel asezingeni eliphansi ekulimeni okuvikelwe kanye namazinga aphansi esimo sezulu, ukuvundisa kanye nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane, kubalulekile ukubhekana nezinselelo ezihambisanayo ukuze kwandiswe ukukhiqizwa kanye nembuyiselo yezomnotho kubalimi.
Izinga lobuchwepheshe obuphansi lihlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zamahubhe amaningi angasukela ezakhiweni zensimbi zesikhashana ezinembozo yepulasitiki kuya ezakhiweni ezakhelwe inhloso unomphela. Ngokuvamile, azilawulwa ngaphezu kwamandla okuphakamisa isembozo sepulasitiki lapho kushisa kakhulu noma kuguqubele ngaphandle. Lezi zimbozo zepulasitiki zivikela isivuno esichothweni, emvuleni nasemakhazeni futhi andise isikhathi sokukhula ngezinga elithile. Lezi zakhiwo ezishibhile zinikeza a
inzuzo engaba khona yokutshalwa kwezimali ezitshalweni zemifino ezifana noulethisi, ubhontshisi, utamatisi, ukhukhamba, iklabishi kanye ne-zucchini. Ukulima kulawa ma-poly-tunnels kwenziwa emhlabathini, kanti imisebenzi ethuthuke kakhulu ingasebenzisa amabhodwe amakhulu kanye nokunisela ngamaconsi otamatisi, ama-blueberries, ama-eggplant noma upelepele. Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi ukutshala okuvikelwe kobuchwepheshe obuphansi kunengqondo kubalimi abancane, amasu anjalo ahlushwa ukushiyeka okuningana. Ukuntuleka kwabo kokulawulwa kwemvelo kuthinta ukuvumelana kobukhulu nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo ngakho-ke kunciphisa
ukufinyelela emakethe kwale mikhiqizo kumakhasimende afuna ngenkani njengezitolo ezinkulu nezindawo zokudlela. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi isilimo sivame ukutshalwa emhlabathini, laba balimi baphinde babhekane nenqwaba yezifo ezithwalwa yizinambuzane kanye nenhlabathi (isb., ukuphikelela kwe-nematode). Izimboni kanye nozakwethu bocwaningo badinga izindlela ezintsha ekuhlinzekeni izixazululo kuwo wonke umklamo wesikhungo kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha izitshalo kanye nezinhlelo zokuhweba ezihlakaniphile zokuthumela umkhiqizo ngaphandle.
futhi ugcine iketango lokuhlinzeka njalo. Imihlomulo kanye nokwesekwa okuvela ezinhlanganweni ezixhasa ngezimali kanye nezindlela ezintsha zobuchwepheshe (isb., ukulawulwa kwebhayoloji, ukuzishintshanisa okuyingxenye ekucheleleni nasekulawuleni izinga lokushisa) okuvela emanyuvesi nasezinkampanini kungasiza abalimi ukuguqukela ezinhlelweni zokutshala ezithuthuke kakhulu zobuchwepheshe.
2.2. Ukuthuthukisa I-Medium-Tech Greenhouses nge-Innovations kanye Nobuchwepheshe Obusha
Izitshalo ezivikelwe ngobuchwepheshe obumaphakathi yisigaba esibanzi esihlanganisa izindawo zokugcina izithombo ezilawulwa yimvelo kanye nezindlu zezingilazi. Le ngxenye yomkhakha wokulima ovikelekile idinga ukuthuthukiswa okubalulekile kwezobuchwepheshe uma izoqhudelana nokukhiqizwa kokudla okukhulu emapulazini asakaza ama-poly-tunnels asezingeni eliphansi kanye nekhwalithi ephezulu evela ezindlini zokugcina izithombo zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Ukulawulwa kwemvelo ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo zobuchwepheshe obuphakathi ngokuvamile kuyingxenye noma kunamandla futhi izinga lokushisa kwezinye izindlu zokugcina izithombo lingalawulwa ngokuvula uphahla ngesandla, kuyilapho
izikhungo ezithuthuke kakhulu zinezindawo zokupholisa nezokushisa. Ukusetshenziswa kwamaphaneli elanga namafilimu ahlakaniphile kuyaphenywa ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko zamandla kanye nezinyathelo zekhabhoni ezindlini zokugcina izithombo zobuchwepheshe obuphakathi [21-23].
Nakuba izindawo zokugcina izithombo eziningi zisakhiwe nge-PVC noma nge-glass cladding, amafilimu ahlakaniphile angasetshenziswa kulezi zakhiwo noma afakwe ekwakhiweni kwe-greenhouse ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle kwamandla. Ngokuvamile, izindlu zokugcina izithombo ezisezingeni eliphezulu zisebenzisa imidiya ekhulayo efana namabhulokhi e-Rockwool anamarisidi kamanyolo oketshezi alinganiswe ngokucophelela ezigabeni zokukhula ezihlukene ukuze kwandiswe isivuno sezitshalo. Ukuvundiswa kwe-CO2 kwesinye isikhathi kusetshenziswa ku-greenhouse yobuchwepheshe obuphakathi ukuze kukhuliswe isivuno kanye nekhwalithi. Umkhakha wezitshalo ovikelwe ngobuchwepheshe obumaphakathi uzohlomula ebudlelwaneni bemboni nenyuvesi ukuze ukhiqize izixazululo ezithuthukile zesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, okuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo ezinesivuno esiphezulu nekhwalithi, ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane okudidiyelwe, ukuvundisa okuzenzakalelayo kanye nokulawulwa kwesimo sezulu esibamba ukushisa, kanye nosizo lwerobhothi ekuphathweni kwezitshalo. nokuvuna.
2.3. Ukusungulwa Kwesayensi Nobuchwepheshe Kwezindawo Zokushisa Ezisezingeni eliphezulu
Izindlu zezingilazi ezinobuchwepheshe obuphezulu zingafaka intuthuko yakamuva kwezobuchwepheshe ku-plant physiology, fertigation, recycling, kanye nokukhanyisa. Ezindlini zokugcina izithombo zezentengiselwano ezinkulu, isibonelo, ubuchwepheshe 'bengilazi ehlakaniphile', amasistimu we-solar photovoltaic (PV) kanye nokukhanyisa okungeziwe, njengamaphaneli e-LED, kungasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yezitshalo kanye nesivuno. Abakhiqizi baya ngokuya bezenzela izindawo ezibucayi kanye/noma ezidinga abasebenzi abaningi njengokuqapha izitshalo, ukuvunwa kwempova, nokuvuna.
Ukuthuthukiswa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa (AI) nokufunda komshini (MI) kuvule izilinganiso ezintsha zezindawo zokugcina izithombo ezisezingeni eliphezulu [24-28]. I-AI iyisethi yemithetho efakwe ikhodi ngekhompuyutha namamodeli ezibalo aqeqeshelwe ukubona amaphethini kudatha enkulu futhi enze imisebenzi ngokuvamile ehlotshaniswa nobuhlakani bomuntu. I-AI esetshenziswa ekuboneni izithombe isetshenziselwa ukuqapha impilo yezitshalo futhi ibone izimpawu zezifo, ivumela ukuthathwa kwezinqumo ezisheshayo nezinolwazi olungcono zokuphathwa kwezitshalo nokuvuna-okungafezwa kulezi zinsuku.
ngokusebenzisa izingalo zamarobhothi esikhundleni sokusebenza kwabantu. I-Internet-of-Things (IoT) inikeza izixazululo zokuzenzakalela ezingahle zenziwe ngezifiso izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-greenhouse [29]. Ngakho-ke, i-AI ne-IoT ingafaka isandla kakhulu endaweni yezolimo zesimanje ngokulawula nokwenza imisebenzi yokulima ngokuzenzakalelayo [30].
Ucwaningo nentuthuko emkhakheni wamarobhothi ezolimo lukhule kakhulu kule minyaka eyishumi edlule [31-33]. Uhlelo oluzimele lokuvuna izitshalo lwe-capsicum olusondela ekuhwebeni kwezentengiselwano lwaboniswa ngezinga lokuphumelela lokuvuna lika-76.5% [31] e-Australia. Izibonelo zamarobhothi ezitshalo zikatamatisi ezisusa amaqabunga, ukuvuna i-capsicum (bell pepper) kanye nezitshalo zikatamatisi ezimpova [34,35] zenziwe e-Europe nase-Israel, futhi zingathengiswa esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo zesoftware yokuphatha abasebenzi zezindawo ezinkulu zokugcinwa kwemvelo zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu zizothuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwabasebenzi ngokuphawulekayo, zithuthukise amathuba ezomnotho alawa mabhizinisi. Uguquko lwe-IT nobunjiniyela luzoqhubeka nokunika amandla ukutshala okuvikelwe kanye nokulima kwangaphakathi, okuvumela abalimi ukuthi baqaphe futhi baphathe izitshalo zabo ngamakhompyutha kanye nemishini ephathwayo, engasetshenziswa ngisho ukwenza ukulima okubalulekile kanye nokulima.
izinqumo zemakethe. Izindlu zokugcina izithombo ezisezingeni eliphezulu zinamandla aphezulu okuzuzisa umkhakha wezitshalo ovikelekile wase-Australia, yingakho ucwaningo oluqhubekayo kanye nokusungulwa kwalezi zikhungo kungenzeka kuhumushele esikhathini nemali etshalwe kahle.
2.4. Ukuthuthukisa Amapulazi Aqondile Ezidingo Zesikhathi Esizayo
Eminyakeni yakamuva, intuthuko esheshayo 'yokulima okuqondile' kwangaphakathi emhlabeni wonke iye yafakazelwa, ikakhulukazi emazweni anabantu abaningi kanye nomhlaba onganele [36,37]. Ukulima okuqondile kumele i-USD 6 billion yenani kodwa kusalokhu kuyingxenyana encane yemakethe yezolimo yomhlaba wonke yezigidigidi zamadola [38]. Kukhona ukuphindaphinda okuhlukahlukene kokulima okuqondile kodwa konke kusebenzisa amashalofu akhula amile anqwabelene enhlabathini angaphansi noma e-hydroponic endaweni evalekile ngokugcwele futhi elawulwayo, evumela izinga eliphezulu lokuzenzakalela, ukulawula nokuvumelana [39]. Kodwa-ke, ukulima okuqondile kusalokhu kunqunyelwe ezitshalweni zenani eliphezulu kanye nezomjikelezo wempilo emfushane ngenxa yezindleko eziphezulu zamandla naphezu kokunikeza umkhiqizo ongenakuqhathaniswa ngemitha yesikwele kanye namazinga aphezulu amanzi kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezakhi.
Ubukhulu bezobuchwepheshe bokulima okuqondile—futhi ikakhulukazi, ukuvela kwezindlu zengilazi ‘ezihlakaniphile’—kungenzeka kuhehe abalimi abamagange ukusebenza ngamakhompyutha asafufusa kanye nobuchwepheshe bedatha emikhulu obufana ne-AI kanye Ne-inthanethi Yezinto (IoT) [40]. Njengamanje, zonke izinhlobo zokulima ezindlini zidinga amandla futhi zidinga abasebenzi abaningi, nakuba kukhona ithuba lentuthuko enkulu kukho kokubili ubuchwepheshe bokuzenzakalela kanye nokonga amandla. Kakade, izinhlobo ezithuthuke kakhulu zezolimo zasendlini zinikeza amandla azo esizeni futhi zizimele kugridi yensiza evamile. Izingadi ezisophahleni zingasukela kumiklamo elula phezulu kwezakhiwo zedolobha ukuya emabhizinisini asophahleni lwezinkampani ezakhiweni zikamasipala eNew York naseParis. Ukulima okuqondile ngaphakathi endlini kunekusasa eliqhakazile, ikakhulukazi ngemuva kobhadane lwe-COVID-19 futhi kusesimweni esihle sokukhulisa isabelo sakho semakethe yokudla yomhlaba wonke, ngenxa yokuqina kwayo.
uhlelo lokukhiqiza olusebenza kahle kakhulu, ukuncishiswa kwezindleko ze-supply chain ne-logistics, amandla okuzenzekelayo (ukuphatha okuncane) kanye nokufinyelela okulula kubo bobabili abasebenzi kanye nabathengi.
3. Izitshalo ezihlosiwe ekunqameni okuvikelwe
Njengamanje, izitshalo ezifanele ukulima kwasendlini zilinganiselwe ngenani ngenxa yemikhawulo yezitshalo ekukhuleni kwasendlini kanye nemikhawulo yokutshala evikelekile njengezindleko eziphezulu zamandla (zokukhanyisa, ukufudumeza, ukupholisa kanye nokusebenzisa izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene ezizenzakalelayo) ezivumela izitshalo ezithile zenani eliphezulu [ 41–43]. Kodwa-ke, ukukhiqizwa okongayo kwezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo ezidliwayo kubalulekile uma ukutshala okuvikelekile kuzoba nomthelela omkhulu
ukuphepha kokudla emhlabeni wonke [12,13,44]. Izinhlobo zezitshalo zokulinywa kwemifino evikelekile zihluka kakhulu kulezo ezikhiqizwa emasimini avulekile ezifuywa ukuze zibekezelele izimo ezihlukahlukene zemvelo, okungadingeki ekulinyweni okuvikelekile. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezimila ezifanele kuzodinga ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpawu ezimbalwa (njengokuzitholela impova, ukukhula okungapheli, izimpande eziqinile) ezehlukile ezicini ezibhekwa njenge.
efiselekayo ezitshalweni zangaphandle (Umfanekiso 2) (Kuthathwe ku- [13]).
Umfanekiso we-2. Izimpawu ezifiselekayo zezitshalo ezithela izithelo ezitshalwe endlini ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo-zemvelo uma kuqhathaniswa nezitshalo ezitshalwe ngaphandle ngaphansi kwezimo zensimu.
Njengamanje, izithelo nemifino ekulungele kangcono ukulima endlini ihlanganisa:
• Lezo ezikhula emivinini noma ezihlahleni (utamatisi, sitrobheli, okusajingijolo, ama-blueberry, ikhukhamba, i-capsicum, amagilebhisi, i-kiwifruit);
• Izitshalo zochwepheshe zenani eliphezulu (amahops, i-vanilla, safron, ikhofi);
• Izitshalo zokwelapha nezimonyo (ukhula lwasolwandle, i-Echinacea);
• Izihlahla ezincane (ama-cherry, ushokoledi, umango, ama-alimondi) ngezinye izindlela ezisebenzayo [13].
Ezigabeni ezilandelayo, sixoxa ngezitshalo ezikhona manje kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo ezintsha zezolimo zasendlini kabanzi.
3.1. Izitshalo Ezikhona Ezitshalwe Ezizindeni Eziphansi, Ezimaphakathi Nezobuchwepheshe
Izinhlelo zokulima ezivikelekile ezisezingeni eliphansi neziphakathi zikhiqiza ikakhulukazi utamatisi, ukhukhamba, izucchini, i-capsicum, isitshalo seqanda, ulethisi, imifino yase-Asia kanye namakhambi. Ngokuya ngendawo, inani lezithelo ezikhiqizwayo kanye nenani lamabhizinisi, utamatisi uyisitshalo semifino ebaluleke kakhulu ye-horticultural ekhiqizwa ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo, kulandelwa i-capsicum ne-ulethisi [15,45].
E-Australia, ukuthuthukiswa kwezikhungo ezinkulu ezilawulwayo kukhawulelwe ikakhulukazi kulezo ezakhelwe ukutshala utamatisi [15]. I-GVP elinganiselwe yezithelo, imifino nezimbali yango-2017, ensimini nasezikhungweni zokutshala ezivikelekile, ibonisa ukubusa kukatamatisi emkhakheni wokulima ovikelekile wase-Australia.
Isilinganiso seGVP sesisonke sowezi-2017 mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwensimu kanye nokukhiqizwa ngaphansi kwekhava kwezitshalo ze-horticultural bekuphezulu kutamatisi (24%), kulandelwa ama-strawberry (17%), izithelo zasehlobo (13%), izimbali (9%), amajikijolo. (7%), ikhukhamba (7%) kanye ne-capsicum (6%), nemifino yase-Asia, amakhambi, isitshalo seqanda, amajikijolo namajikijolo ngalinye libalwa ngaphansi kuka-6% (Umfanekiso 3A).
Umfanekiso we-3. Isilinganiso se-gross value of production (GVP) sensimu ehlanganisiwe yokukhiqiza imifino evikelekile (A) kanye ne-GVP ebekiwe yezitshalo ezilinywe ngaphansi kokulinywa okuvikelwe ngo-2017 (B) e-Australia.
Phakathi kwalokhu, i-GVP yezitshalo ezitshalwe ezinhlelweni zokulinywa ezivikelwe yayiphezulu kakhulu kutamatisi (40%), eholele ngesilinganiso esibalulekile esihlobene nezinye izitshalo ezihlanganisa izimbali (11%), ama-strawberry (10%), izithelo zasehlobo (8%). ) namajikijolo (8%), nesitshalo ngasinye esisele sibalwa ngaphansi kuka-5% (Umfanekiso 3B). Kodwa-ke, imakethe yasekhaya yase-Australia igcwele utamatisi obamba ukushisa, okushiya imboni yezitshalo evikelekile
ngalezi zindlela ezimbili ezilandelayo: ukwandisa ukuthengiswa kwalezi zitshalo ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe; kanye/noma nokukhuthaza abanye babalimi be-greenhouse abakhona ezweni ukuthi baguqukele ekukhiqizeni ezinye izitshalo ezinenani eliphezulu. Ingxenye yezitshalo ezitshalwe ngaphansi kokuvikelwa yayiphezulu kakhulu kumajikijolo (85%) kanye notamatisi (80%), kulandelwa izimbali (60%), ikhukhamba (50%), i-cherry nemifino yase-Asia (ngasinye 40%), sitrobheli nehlobo.
izithelo (ngasinye 30%), amajikijolo namakhambi (ngalinye 25%), futhi ekugcineni, i-capsicum nesitshalo seqanda, ku-20% ngayinye [17]. Njengamanje, ukulima kwasendlini okudinga amandla kanye nokusebenza kanzima kukhawulelwe ezitshalweni ezinenani eliphezulu ezingakhiqizwa ngesikhathi esifushane ngokufaka amandla aphansi [46,47]
'Ezimbonini' zezitshalo, izitshalo ezitshalwa kakhulu njengamanje ziyimifino eluhlaza namakhambi, ngenxa yalezi zitshalo' isikhathi esifushane sokukhula (ngoba izithelo nembewu ayidingeki) kanye nenani eliphakeme [7], iqiniso lokuthi izitshalo ezinjalo zidinga ukukhanya okuncane. ye-photosynthesis [48] futhi ngenxa yokuthi iningi lezitshalo zezitshalo ezikhiqizwayo zingavunwa [46,49]. Kunamandla amakhulu okuthuthukisa isivuno kanye nekhwalithi yezitshalo ezitshalwa emapulazini asemadolobheni [12].
3.2. Inhlolovo Yezimboni: Zilalaphi Izintshisekelo Zababambiqhaza?
Ukuhlonzwa kwezihloko ezibalulekile zocwaningo kubalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kocwaningo oluxhaswe ngasese oluxhaswe umphakathi ngekusasa lokutshala okuvikelwe. Isibonelo, i-Future Food Systems Co-operative Research Centre (FFSCRC), esungulwe yi-New South Wales Farmers Association (NSW Farmers), University of New South Wales (UNSW) kanye neFood Innovation Australia Ltd. (FIAL), iqukethe umfelandawonye. ezingaphezu kuka-60 isisekelo
imboni, uhulumeni kanye nababambe iqhaza ocwaningweni. Izinhlelo zayo zokucwaninga nekhono zihlose ukusekela ababambiqhaza ekwandiseni umkhiqizo wezinhlelo zokudla zesifunda neziseduze nedolobha, ukuthatha imikhiqizo emisha isuke ku-prototype iye emakethe futhi iqalise uchungechunge lokuphakelwa olusheshayo, oluvikelwe kusukela epulazini kuye kumthengi. Ukuze kube njalo, i-FFSRC ihlinzeka ngendawo yokucwaninga ngokubambisana okuhloswe ngayo ukuthuthukisa ukutshala okuvikelekile ukuze kukhuliswe amandla ethu okuthekelisa umkhiqizo wezinga eliphezulu wezolimo kanye nokusiza i-Australia ibe umholi kwezesayensi nobuchwepheshe emkhakheni wokulima ovikelekile.
Abahlanganyeli bahlolwe ukuze kutholakale izitshalo ezihlosiwe zokulima ngaphakathi. Phakathi kwabahlanganyeli abahlonze izilimo ezihlosiwe, inzalo yemifino esanda kuzalwa (29%) yayinkulu, kwalandelwa isithakazelo ezitshalweni zezithelo (22%); insangu yokwelapha, amanye amakhambi okwelapha kanye nezitshalo ezikhethekile (13%); izinhlobo zomdabu/zomdabu (10%); amakhowe/isikhunta (10%); kanye nemifino eluhlaza (3%) (Umfanekiso 4).
Umfanekiso we-4. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezitshalo ezikhiqizwa njengamanje abahlanganyeli be-FFSCRC ezindaweni zokutshala ezivikelwe futhi yingakho, nentshisekelo yabahlanganyeli ekutholeni izixazululo zokutshala lezi zitshalo ngendlela ekhiqizayo kakhulu ngaphansi kwekhava.
Ucwaningo belusekelwe olwazini mayelana nabahlanganyeli abatholakala ku-inthanethi; ukuthola ulwazi oluningiliziwe kuzobaluleka ekuqondeni nasekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo eziqondile zabahlanganyeli.
3.3. Ukuzalanisa Izimila Ezintsha Zezindawo Ezilawulwayo-Imvelo
Ubuchwepheshe bokuzalanisa obutholakalayo bokuthuthukisa izitshalo zemifino nezinye izitshalo buthuthuka ngokushesha [50]. Ekulimeni okuvikelwe, umkhakha wezomnotho oguquguqukayo onezinguquko ezisheshayo ezimakethe kanye nokuthandwa ngabathengi, ukukhetha uhlobo olufanele kubalulekile [44,51]. Kunezifundo eziningi ezihlola ukujwayela izitshalo zenani eliphezulu ezifana notamatisi kanye nesitshalo seqanda sokukhiqizwa kwe-greenhouse [52,53]. Ubuchwepheshe obusha bokuzalanisa [50] buye benza lula ukuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo ezintsha ezinezici ezifiselekayo, futhi ezinye izinkampani seziqalile ukuklama izitshalo zokukhula ezindaweni ezilawulwayo ngaphansi kwezibani ze-LED [20]. Kodwa-ke, ama-cultivars afuywe kakhulu ukuze kwandiswe isivuno ngaphansi kwezimo zensimu eziguquguquka kakhulu [46]. Izimpawu zezitshalo ezifana nokubekezelela isomiso, ukushisa nesithwathwa—okuyinto efiselekayo ezitshalweni ezitshalwe ensimini kodwa ngokuvamile ezithwala izinhlawulo zesivuno—azidingeki
ezolimo zasendlini.
Izici eziyinhloko ezingase ziqondiswe ukulungisa izitshalo zenani eliphezulu nezolimo zasendlini zihlanganisa umjikelezo wempilo omfushane, ukuqhakaza okuqhubekayo, isilinganiso esiphansi sezimpande kuya kukudubula, ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe ngaphansi kokufaka amandla aphansi e-photosynthetic, nezici zomthengi ezifiselekayo ezihlanganisa ukunambitheka, umbala, ukuthungwa kanye nokuqukethwe okuthile kwezakhi [12,13]. Ukwengeza, ukuzalanisa ngokukhethekile izinga eliphezulu kuzokhiqiza imikhiqizo efiseleka kakhulu enenani eliphezulu lemakethe. I-spectrum ekhanyayo, izinga lokushisa, umswakama kanye nokunikezwa kwezakhi kungalawulwa ukuze kuguqulwe ukunqwabelana kwezinhlanganisela ezihlosiwe emaqabunga nezithelo [54,55] futhi kwandise inani lokudla okunomsoco kwezitshalo, okuhlanganisa amaprotheni (ubuningi nekhwalithi), amavithamini A, C. kanye no-E, ama-carotenoids, ama-flavonoid, amaminerali, ama-glycosides nama-anthocyanins [12]. Isibonelo, izinguquko ezenzeka ngokwemvelo (emvinini) kanye nokuhlelwa kwezakhi zofuzo (ku-kiwifruit) kusetshenziswe ukuguqula ukwakheka kwezitshalo, okuzoba usizo ekukhuleni kwasendlini ezindaweni ezivinjelwe. Ocwaningweni lwakamuva, izitshalo zikatamatisi nama-cherry zakhiwe kusetshenziswa i-CRISPR–Cas9 ukuhlanganisa izici ezintathu ezifiselekayo ezilandelayo: i-phenotype encane, umkhuba wokukhula okuhlangene kanye nokuqhakaza kwezimbali ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ukufaneleka kwezinhlobo zikatamatisi 'ezihleliwe' eziwumphumela ukuze zisetshenziswe ezinhlelweni zokulima zasendlini kwaqinisekiswa kusetshenziswa izivivinyo zasensimini nezentengiso eziqondile [56].
Ukubuyekezwa kokuzalaniswa kwamangqamuzana ukudala izitshalo ezithuthukisiwe kuxoxwe ngenani elengeziwe lemikhiqizo yezolimo ngokuthuthukisa izitshalo zezolimo ngezinzuzo zezempilo kanye nemithi edliwayo [46]. Izindlela eziyinhloko zokuthuthukisa izitshalo zezolimo ngezinzuzo zezempilo zahlonzwa njengokuqoqwa kwenani elikhulu lesakhamzimba esifiselekayo sangaphakathi noma ukuncipha kwezinhlanganisela ezingafuneki, kanye nokuqoqwa kwezinhlanganisela ezibalulekile
azivamile ukukhiqizwa esitshalweni.
4. Izinselelo Namathuba Ekulimeni Okuvikelekile kanye Nokulima Kwangaphakathi
Izinsiza ezithuthukisiwe zokulima okuvikelekile kanye nokulima kwangaphakathi kunomthelela omncane kwezemvelo. Nakuba ukutshala izitshalo ngaphansi kwekhava kudla amandla amaningi kunezinye izindlela eziningi zokulima, ikhono lokunciphisa imithelela yesimo sezulu, ukuqinisekisa ukulandeleka kanye nokukhulisa ukudla kwekhwalithi engcono kukhuthaza ukulethwa okuqhubekayo komkhiqizo wekhwalithi, ukuheha izinzuzo ezingaphezu kakhulu kunezindleko zokukhiqiza ezengeziwe. [18]. Izinselelo ezibalulekile ekunqampuneni okuvikelekile zihlanganisa:
• Izindleko ezinkulu zemali, ngenxa yamanani aphezulu omhlaba ezindaweni ezingaphakathi kwedolobha kanye neziseduze nedolobha;
• Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphezulu;
• Isidingo sabasebenzi abanamakhono;
• Ukulawulwa kwezifo ngaphandle kokulawulwa ngamakhemikhali; futhi
• Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinkomba zekhwalithi yokudla okunomsoco—ukuchaza nokuqinisekisa izici zekhwalithi zomkhiqizo—ezitshalweni ezitshalwa endlini.
Esigabeni esilandelayo, sixoxa ngezinye zezinselele namathuba ahlobene nokutshala okuvikelwe.
4.1. Izimo Ezilungile Zokukhiqiza Okuphezulu kanye Nokusetshenziswa Kwensiza Okuphumelelayo
Ukuqonda okwengeziwe kwezidingo zezitshalo ezigabeni ezihlukene zokukhula nangaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene zokukhanya kubalulekile uma abalimi bezogcina ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo okungabizi kakhulu ezindaweni ezilawulwayo. Ukuphatha kahle indawo ebamba ukushisa, okuhlanganisa izici zayo zezulu nezomsoco, kanye nesakhiwo kanye nezimo zemishini, kungakhuphula izinga lezithelo futhi kuthele kakhulu [57]. Izinto ezikhula kuzo zingaba nomthelela ekukhuleni kwezitshalo, amazinga e-evapotranspiration kanye nemijikelezo yokuphila. Phakathi kwezici zesimo sezulu, imisebe yelanga iyona ebaluleke kakhulu njengoba i-photosynthesis idinga ukukhanya, futhi isivuno sezitshalo silingana ngokuqondile namazinga okukhanya kwelanga kuze kufike ezindaweni zokukhanya ze-photosynthesis. Izikhathi eziningi, ukulawulwa kwemvelo okunembayo kudinga izindleko eziphezulu zamandla, kunciphisa inzuzo yezolimo ezilawulwayo. Amandla adingekayo ekushiseni okubamba ukushisa nokupholisa ahlala eyinkinga enkulu kanye nokuhlosiwe kwalabo abafuna ukunciphisa izindleko zamandla [6]. Izinto ezicwebezelayo kanye nobuchwepheshe bengilazi obusha obufana ne-Smart Glass [58] kunikeza amathuba athembisayo okunciphisa izindleko ezihambisana nokugcina izinga lokushisa elibamba ukushisa nokulawula okuguquguqukayo kwemvelo. Kulezi zinsuku, ubuchwepheshe bengilazi obusha kanye nezinhlelo zokupholisa ezisebenzayo zifakwa ekulimeni okuvikelwe ezindaweni ze-glasshouse. Izinto ezicwebezelayo zinamandla okunciphisa
ukusetshenziswa kukagesi, ngokumunca imisebe yelanga eyeqile nokuqondisa kabusha amandla okukhanya ukukhiqiza ugesi usebenzisa amaseli e-photovoltaic [59,60].
Kodwa-ke, izinto zokumboza zithinta i-greenhouse microclimates [61,62] kuhlanganise nokukhanya [63] ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuhlola umthelela wezinto ezicwebezelayo ezinoveli ekukhuleni kwezitshalo kanye ne-physiology, ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza, isivuno sezitshalo kanye nekhwalithi ezindaweni lapho izici zivela khona. njenge-CO2, izinga lokushisa, imisoco kanye nokunisela kulawulwa ngokuqinile. Isibonelo, i-semi-transparent Organic Photovoltaics (OPVs) esekelwe enhlanganisela ye-regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), kanye ne-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) zahlolelwa ukutshala izitshalo zikapelepele (Capsicum annuum). Ngaphansi komthunzi wama-OPV, izitshalo zikapelepele zikhiqize izithelo eziningi ngo-20.2% kanti izitshalo ezinomthunzi zazizinde ngo-21.8% ekupheleni kwenkathi yokukhula [64]. Kwesinye isifundo, ukuncishiswa kwe-PAR okubangelwa amaphaneli e-photovoltaic aguquguqukayo ophahleni akuzange kuthinte isivuno, i-plant morphology, inani lezimbali zegatsha ngalinye, umbala wezithelo, ukuqina kanye ne-pH [65].
Ifilimu 'yengilazi ehlakaniphile' ene-ultra-low-reflective, i-Solar Gard™ ULR-80 [58], okwamanje iyahlolwa ekukhiqizweni kwe-glasshouse. Inhloso wukubona amandla ezinto ezicwebezelayo ezinokudluliswa kokukhanya okulungisekayo kanye nokunciphisa izindleko eziphezulu zamandla ezihambisana nokusebenza ezindaweni ezisezingeni eliphezulu ze-greenhouse horticulture. Ifilimu yengilazi ehlakaniphile (SG) isetshenziswa engilazini evamile yamatheku e-glasshouse ezindaweni ezitshala izitshalo zemifino kusetshenziswa izindlela zokuhweba ezimile mpo nokuphatha [66,67]. Ukuhlolwa kwesitshalo seqanda ngaphansi kwe-SG kubonise amandla aphezulu kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuvundisa [42], kodwa futhi kunciphise isivuno sesitshalo seqanda, ngenxa yamazinga aphezulu embali kanye/noma ukuhushulwa kwezithelo njengomphumela we-photosynthesis ekhawulelwe ukukhanya [58]. Ifilimu ye-SG esetshenzisiwe ingase idinge ukuguqulwa ukuze kukhiqizwe izimo zokukhanya ezilungile futhi kuncishiswe imikhawulo yokukhanya kwezithelo ezine-carbon-sink ephezulu njengesitshalo seqanda.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezicwebezelayo ezinoveli ezonga amandla njengengilazi ehlakaniphile kunikeza ithuba elihle kakhulu lokunciphisa izindleko zamandla okusebenza kwe-glasshouse nokwandisa izimo zokukhanya ukuze kutshalwe izitshalo eziqondiwe. Amafilimu ekhava ehlakaniphile afana namafilimu ezolimo e-luminescent-light emitting (LLEAF) anamandla okuthuthukisa kanye nokulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo nokuthuthukiswa kokuzala ekulimeni okuvikelekile okumaphakathi. LLEAF
amaphaneli angahlolwa ezitshalweni ezihlukahlukene eziqhakazayo nezingaqhakazi ukuze kutholakale ukuthi ziyasiza yini ukukhulisa ukukhula kwezitshalo nokuzala (ngokushintsha izinqubo zemvelo ezisekela ukukhula kwezitshalo kanye nokukhiqiza kwezitshalo kanye nekhwalithi).
4.2. Ukulawulwa Kwezinambuzane Nezifo
Nakuba izindawo zokulima ezivikelekile ezivikelekile zinganciphisa izinambuzane nezifo, uma sezingenisiwe, zinzima kakhulu futhi zibiza kakhulu ukuzilawula ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amakhemikhali okwenziwa anobuthi. Ukulima kwasendlini okuqondile kuvumela ukuqapha izitshalo eduze kwezimpawu zezinambuzane noma izifo, ngesandla kanye/noma ngokuzenzakalela (kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe benzwa) nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe berobhothi obusafufusa kanye/noma izinqubo zokuzwa ukude kuzosiza.
ukutholwa kusenesikhathi kokuqubuka nokususwa kwezitshalo ezigulayo kanye/noma ezitheleleke [7].
Izindlela zokulawulwa kwezinambuzane ezinoveli ezihlanganisiwe (IPM) [68] zizodingeka ukuze kulawulwe ngempumelelo izinambuzane ezindlini zokugcina izithombo. Amasu okuphatha afanelekile (amasiko, ngokomzimba, emishini, ebhayoloji namakhemikhali), kanye nemikhuba emihle yamasiko, izindlela ezithuthukile zokuqapha kanye nokuhlonza okunembile kungathuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwemifino kuyilapho kunciphisa ukuthembela ekufakweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane. Indlela edidiyelwe yokulawulwa kwezifo ibandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwezitshalo ezingazweli, ukukhucululwa kwendle, imikhuba emihle yamasiko kanye nokusetshenziswa okufanele kwezibulala-zinambuzane [44]. Ukwakhiwa kwamasu anoveli e-IPM kunganciphisa izindleko zabasebenzi kanye nesidingo sokusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali. Thatha, isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwezimbungulu ezintsha, ezikhuliselwe ukuhweba, ezizuzisa ngokwemvelo (isb., i-aphid midge, i-green lacewing, njll.) ukuze ulawule izinambuzane zezitshalo nokunciphisa ukuthembela ekulawuleni amakhemikhali. Ihlola i-IPM entsha ehlukahlukene
amasu, ngokuhlukaniswa nangokuhlangene, azosiza ekuthuthukiseni izincomo eziqondene nezitshalo kanye nezindawo eziqondene nabalimi.
4.3. Ikhwalithi Yezitshalo kanye Namagugu Okudla Okunempilo
Ukutshala okuvikelekile kunikeza abalimi nabalingani bezimboni isivuno esiphezulu nomkhiqizo wekhwalithi ephezulu unyaka wonke [69]. Ukuhlakulela izithelo nemifino ye-premium, nokho, kudinga ukuhlolwa okuphezulu kwemingcele yezondlo kanye nekhwalithi [70]. Imingcele yekhwalithi yezithelo eyisisekelo ihlanganisa umswakama, i-pH, okuqinile okuphelele okuncibilikayo, umlotha, umbala wezithelo, i-ascorbic acid kanye ne-titratable acidity, kanye nemingcele ethuthukisiwe yokudla okunempilo okuhlanganisa ushukela, amafutha, amaprotheni, amavithamini kanye nama-antioxidants; ukuqina kanye nezilinganiso zokulahlekelwa kwamanzi nazo zibalulekile ekuchazeni izinkomba zekhwalithi [66]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu yomkhiqizo wezitshalo kungase kufakwe ohlelweni oluzenzakalelayo lwe-greenhouse operations. Ukuhlola izinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo ezitholakalayo ukuze uthole imingcele yekhwalithi kuzonikeza izinhlobo ezintsha zenani eliphezulu, ezinomsoco zezithelo nemifino kubalimi nakubathengi. Amasu e-agronomic okuhlanganisa indawo yokukhula kanye nezinqubo zokulawulwa kwezitshalo kuzodinga ukwenziwa ngcono ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhiqizwa kanye nokuminyana kwezakhi zezitshalo zalezi zitshalo ezinenani eliphezulu.
4.4. Ukuqashwa Nokutholakala Kwabasebenzi Abanekhono
Izidingo zabasebenzi embonini evikelekile yokulima ziyakhula (>5% ngonyaka) futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi abantu abangaphezu kuka-10,000 kulo lonke elase-Australia okwamanje baqashwe ngqo yimboni. Naphezu kwamazinga aphezulu okuzishintshanisa, ukutshala izitshalo ezivikelwe ngesilinganiso esikhulu kudinga abasebenzi ababalulekile, ikakhulukazi ekusungulweni kwezitshalo, ukugcinwa kwezitshalo, ukuvunwa kwembewu ngomshini kanye nokuvuna. Ngokukhula kwesidingo
kubalimi abanamakhono aphezulu, ukuhlinzekwa kwabasebenzi abanamakhono afanelekayo kuhlala kuphansi [18,71]. Kuzodingeka abasebenzi abanamakhono ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukulima okuqondile emadolobheni, okuzokhiqiza imisebenzi emisha yochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe, abaphathi bamaphrojekthi, abasebenzi bezokulungisa kanye nabasebenzi bokuthengisa nabadayisi [7]. Ukusungula izinsiza ezithuthukile ezisetshenziselwa uhwebo kuzonikeza ithuba lokubhekana nemibuzo yocwaningo, ngaleyo ndlela kuqhubekisele phambili inhloso yokukhulisa umkhiqizo ezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo kuyilapho kuhlinzeka ngemfundo nokuqeqeshwa kwamakhono okungenzeka adingeka kakhulu emkhakheni wokulima ovikelekile esikhathini esizayo.
I-5. Iziphetho
Ezindlini zokugcina izithombo ezinobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ezinobuchwepheshe obukhaliphile, kunethuba elikhulu lokuthuthukisa inzuzo ngokwenza ngokuzenzakalela izindawo ezibucayi kanye/noma ezidinga abasebenzi abaningi njengokuqapha izitshalo, ukuvunwa kwempova, nokuvuna. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-AI, amarobhothi kanye ne-ML kuvula ubukhulu obusha bokunqampuna okuvikelekile. Amapulazi aqondile enza ingxenye encane yemakethe yezolimo yomhlaba wonke futhi, naphezu kokuthi kudla kakhulu amandla, ukulima okuqondile kunikeza umkhiqizo ongenakuqhathaniswa onamazinga aphezulu amanzi kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezakhi. Ukukhiqizwa okunomnotho kwezitshalo ezinhlobonhlobo kubalulekile uma ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo ezivikelekile kuzokwenza umthelela omuhle ekuvikelekeni kokudla emhlabeni jikelele. Izinhlelo zokutshala ezivikelekile ezisezingeni eliphansi neziphakathi zikhiqiza ikakhulukazi utamatisi, ukhukhamba, izucchini, i-capsicum, isitshalo seqanda kanye nezitshalo zikalethisi, kanye nemifino yase-Asia kanye namakhambi.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo ezinkulu ezilawulwa yimvelo e-Australia kukhawulelwe ikakhulukazi ekutshaleni utamatisi. Ukuthuthukisa ama-cultivar afanelekile kuzodinga ukuthuthukisa izici ezimbalwa ezibalulekile ezihlukile kulezo ezithathwa njengezifiselekayo ezitshalweni zangaphandle. Izici ezibalulekile ezingaqondiswe kwezolimo zasendlini zihlanganisa umjikelezo wempilo yezitshalo oncishisiwe, ukuqhakaza okuqhubekayo, isilinganiso esiphansi sezimpande kuya kuhlu, ukusebenza okukhulisiwe ngaphansi kwe-photosynthetic ephansi.
okokufaka kwamandla, nezici zomthengi ezifiselekayo, njengokunambitha, umbala, ukuthungwa kanye nokuqukethwe kwezakhi ezithile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzalanisa ngokukhethekile izitshalo ezisezingeni eliphezulu, eziminyene ngokomsoco kuzokhiqiza imikhiqizo efiselekayo yezolimo (futhi okungenzeka, yezokwelapha) enenani elihle kakhulu lemakethe. Inzuzo kanye nokusimama kokutshala okuvikelekile kuncike ekuthuthukiseni izixazululo ezinseleleni eziyinhloko ezihlanganisa izindleko zokuqalisa, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, abasebenzi abanamakhono, ukuphathwa kwezinambuzane kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinkomba zekhwalithi.
Izinto ezintsha ezicwebezelayo kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ecwaningwayo njengamanje noma evivinywayo inikeza izixazululo zokubhekana nenye yezinselele ezicindezela kakhulu zokutshala okuvikelwe. Le ntuthuko ingase, okungenzeka, inikeze umfutho odingekayo ukuze usize umkhakha wezitshalo ovikelekile uguqukele ezingeni eliqhubekayo nelingabizi kakhulu lokusebenzisa amandla ngendlela eyongayo futhi ufeze izidingo ezikhulayo zokuvikeleka kokudla, kuyilapho kugcinwa ikhwalithi yezitshalo nokudla okunomsoco.
okuqukethwe, kanye nokunciphisa imithelela eyingozi kwezemvelo.
Iminikelo Yombhali: SGC ubhale isibuyekezo ngokufaka nokubukeza okuhlinzekwe yi-DTT, Z.-HC, OG kanye ne-CIC Bonke ababhali bafundile futhi bavumelana nenguqulo eshicilelwe yombhalo wesandla.
Izimali: Ukubuyekezwa bekusekelwe embikweni ogunyazwe futhi waxhaswa ngezimali yi-Future Food Systems Cooperative Research Centre, esekela ukusebenzisana okuholwa yimboni phakathi kwemboni, abacwaningi, kanye nomphakathi. Siphinde sathola ukusekelwa ngezimali kumaphrojekthi we-Horticulture Innovation Australia (Inombolo yesibonelelo i-VG16070 eya ku-DTT, Z.-HC, OG, CIC; Inombolo yesibonelelo i-VG17003 ku-DTT, Z.-HC; Inombolo yesibonelelo LP18000 kuya ku-Z.-HC) kanye nephrojekthi ye-CRC engu-P2 -013 (DTT, Z.-HC, OG, CIC).
Isitatimende Sebhodi Lokubuyekeza Isikhungo: Akufaneleki.
Isitatimende Semvume Esinolwazi: Akufaneleki.
Isitatimende Sokutholakala Kwedatha: Akufaneleki.
Izingxabano zesithakazelo: Abalobi bathi akukho mpikiswano yenzuzo.
Okubhekwayo
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