Ezincwadini ezimbili, izazi zezinto eziphilayo zase-Utrecht kanye nozakwabo bamazwe ngamazwe bachaza izinqubo ezisetshenziswa izitshalo ukuze zivumelane nokufudumala. Okutholakele kunikeza imininingwane yokuthi izitshalo zisebenza kanjani kahle ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa asezingeni eliphansi. Kungase futhi kunikeze isitebhisi esibheke ekulawuleni ukukhula kwezitshalo futhi sizenze zimelane nokufudumala komhlaba. Abacwaningi bashicilela imiphumela yabo ku-The Plant Journal kanye neNature Communications.
Amabhere asezintabeni ogwadule
Nokho izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo zenze izindlela zokubhekana namazinga okushisa aphezulu. “Ngokungafani nezilwane, izitshalo eziningi zingakwazi ukulungisa isimo somzimba wazo ngenxa yokufudumala nezinye izici zendawo ezungezile,” kusho umcwaningi uMartijn van Zanten, oyilungu le-Utrecht University futhi waba nesandla kuzo zombili lezi zincwadi. “Izilwane ziyindaba ehluke ngokuphelele. Kalula nje, uma ubeka ibhere elimhlophe ogwadule, lisazobukeka njengebhere elimhlophe elinejazi eliwuboya obuminyene. Kodwa uma isitshalo sikhula ngaphansi kwezimo ezifudumele, sizojwayela isimo somzimba waso ngendlela efanele. Ngale ndlela, lesi sitshalo sizama ukusebenza kahle ngaphansi kwalezi zimo ezingezinhle kangako.”
Kusukela ku-compact kuya kwifomu lesitshalo esivulekile
Izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo zingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nokuma kweziqu namaqabunga azo ukuze zikwazi ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu. Lokhu kuyiqiniso nange-thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana), ethathwa izazi zezitshalo eziningi njengemodeli yezitshalo eziyintandokazi. Ezimweni ezibandayo, lezi zitshalo zihlangene futhi zinamaqabunga aseduze nomhlabathi. Lapho amazinga okushisa enyuka, aqala ukuvuleka. Amaqabunga, isibonelo, aba aqonde kakhulu. Lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu imisebe eqondile evela elangeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-stalks amaqabunga azokwelula, okuvumela umoya owengeziwe ukuba udlule amaqabunga futhi uchithe ukushisa.
Ukwelula okufunayo nokungadingeki
Kodwa ezitshalweni nasezimbali (ezisikiwe), lolu hlobo lokunwebeka ngokuvamile alufunwa. Abalimi bafuna ukulawula lezi zinguquko njengoba ukwelula kungakhinyabeza ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo. “Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kuyadingeka ukuze izitshalo zimelane namazinga okushisa aphezulu okubangelwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Lokho kuyadingeka ukuze kugcinwe ukukhiqizwa esikhathini eside,” kusho uVan Zanten.
Ukwenza izitshalo zikwazi ukumelana nesimo sezulu
“Izilimo eziningi ezitshalwayo zilahlekelwe amandla okusabela kahle emazingeni okushisa aphezulu,” kusho uVan Zanten. "Ezilimo ezihlukahlukene, zanyamalala ngesikhathi sokufuywa nokuzalanisa njengoba abalimi babegxile kwezinye izici."
Njengoba ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwenyusa amazinga okushisa, uVan Zanten uthi siyanda isidingo sokwenza izitshalo zikwazi ukumelana nesimo sezulu. “Lokhu kudinga ulwazi lokuthi izitshalo zibhekana kanjani namazinga okushisa aphezulu. Bawaguqula kanjani amasignali okushisa abawatholayo ukuze avumelane nokukhula? Ukucwaninga izindlela zamangqamuzana izitshalo ezijwayelana nezinga lokushisa eliphansi, kuvumela amathuluzi okulungisa ukwakheka kwezilimo ngokuzalanisa.”
Indlela ye-molecular ishintsha ukuma kokushisa
Izitshalo ze-Thale cress ezingasakwazi ukujwayela amazinga okushisa aphakeme zivela zingaphinda zithole lelo khono lapho zivezwe kumakhemikhali athile. Lokhu kutholwe ithimba labacwaningi bamazwe ngamazwe eliholwa nguVan Zanten. Ithimba lihlole inani elikhulu lezinto ku-thale cress mutant engasakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Bathola i-molecule engakwazi 'ukushintsha' ukuzivumelanisa nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu ezitshalweni ezincane, ngisho namazinga okushisa aphansi.
Abacwaningi babiza le nhlanganisela 'i-Heatin'. Ngokushintsha i-molecule ngamakhemikhali bese befunda ukuthi yimaphi amaprotheni angabopha ekushiseni, bathola iqembu lamaprotheni elibizwa ngokuthi ama-nitrilases. Iqembu elincane elihlonziwe laziwa ukuthi litholakala kuphela eklabishini nasezinhlotsheni ezihlobene nalo, kuhlanganise ne-thale cress.
Kanye nenkampani ekhiqiza izitshalo, izazi zezinto eziphilayo zathola ukuthi ngempela izinhlobo zeklabishi ziyasabela ekushiseni. Baphinde bathola ukuthi i-nitrilases iyadingeka ukuze ijwayelane nezinga lokushisa eliphakeme, mhlawumbe ngoba inika amandla ukukhiqizwa kwe-hormone yokukhula eyaziwayo i-auxin. Abacwaningi bashicilele lokhu kutholakala ku-The Plant Journal.
Indlela entsha yokujwayela izinga lokushisa eliphezulu
Ukushicilelwa kwemiphumela ye-Heatin kuqondana nenye incwadi, namuhla ku-Nature Communications. Lolo cwaningo beluholwa ososayensi esikhungweni iVIB eBelgium, noVan Zanten naye ebambe iqhaza. Ithimba lithole iphrotheni eyayingachazwa ngaphambili elawula indlela izitshalo ezijwayela ngayo indawo efudumele. Iphrotheni yaqanjwa ngokuthi MAP4K4/TOT3, ne-TOT okusho ukuthi Ithagethi Yezinga lokushisa.
Ngokuphawulekayo, inqubo eqhutshwa yi-TOT3 izimele kakhulu kuzo zonke ezinye izindlela zokubonisa izazi zezinto eziphilayo kuze kube manje ezixhumene nokujwayela ukufudumala ezitshalweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulungiswa kwe-TOT3 akubonakali kuncike enanini nokwakheka kokukhanya okukhanya esitshalweni.
U-Van Zanten: “Kuningi ukunqwabelana kwezinqubo zamangqamuzana izitshalo ezivumelanisa ngazo ukukhula nokushintsha kokwakheka kokukhanya kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Nge-TOT3, manje sinesici esiseduze esingalawula ukukhula ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa indlela isitshalo esisebenza ngayo nokukhanya. "
Izicelo ezibanzi
"Okwenza kuthakazelise nakakhulu," kusho u-Van Zanten, "ukuthi i-TOT3 idlala indima efanayo ekukhuleni kokujwayela ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kukho kokubili i-thale cress kanye nokolweni. Lezo zinhlobo ezimbili zihlukene ngokwezakhi zofuzo. Ngakho-ke lokho kunikeza amandla amakhulu ezicelo ezibanzi. ”
Okuhlukile kuma- growth inhibitors
Ekugcineni, ukutholwa kwe-TOT3 kanye nendima ye-nitrilases kungasiza ukuqhubeka nokutshala izitshalo ezanele, ngisho nalapho amazinga okushisa enyuka ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Okutholakele futhi kunikeza amathuba okuthuthukisa ezinye izindlela esikhundleni samakhemikhali manje avame ukusetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukukhula kwezitshalo. Njengesibonelo, uVan Zanten ukhuluma ngezimbali ezisikiwe, ezisabela kakhulu ekuguquguqukeni kwezinga lokushisa. Ku-floriculture, ngakho-ke, ama-inhibitors amaningi okukhula asetshenziselwa ukugcina izitshalo zinhle futhi zihlangene.
"Ngesikhathi uthenga ama-tulips, ngokwesibonelo, asenesiqu esihle esifushane," kusho uVan Zanten. Kodwa ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa usendlini yakho, baqala ukulenga onqenqemeni lwevazi. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu angaphakathi endlini enza ukuthi izitshalo zinwebe, ekugcineni ziholele ekutheni zixhuge futhi zigobe. Sithemba ukuthi ulwazi olusha luzofaka isandla ekukhethweni kwezinhlobo zezimbali ezintsha ezinwebeka kancane ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu. Ngale ndlela, singanciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezivimbela ukukhula eziyingozi. ”
Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe:
University of Utrecht
www.uu.nl