Ina Alsina 1, Ieva Erdberga 1*, Mara Duma 2, Reinis Alksnis3 kanye noLaila Dubova 1
1 I-Faculty of Agriculture, i-Institute of Soil and Plant Sciences, i-Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, i-Jelgava, i-Latvia,
2 Umnyango weKhemistry, i-Faculty of Food Technology, i-Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, i-Jelgava, i-Latvia,
3 Umnyango Wezibalo, I-Faculty of Information Technologies, i-Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, e-Jelgava, e-Latvia
ISINGENISO
Njengoba ukuqonda ukubaluleka kokudla ekuqinisekiseni izinga nokusimama kwempilo yomuntu kukhula, ingcindezi emkhakheni wezolimo njengento eyisisekelo ekuqinisekiseni izinga lokudla iyakhula. Utamatisi, njengemifino yesibili etshalwa kakhulu [ngokwezibalo zeNhlangano Yezokudla Nezolimo (FAO) zika-2019], uyingxenye ebalulekile yokudla cishe kwawo wonke amazwe.
Ukunikezwa kwekhalori elinganiselwe, okuqukethwe kwe-fiber ephezulu, kanye nokuba khona kwezakhi zamaminerali, amavithamini, nama-phenols, njenge-flavonoid, kwenza isithelo sikatamatisi sibe "ukudla okusebenzayo" okuhle kakhulu okuhlinzeka ngezinzuzo eziningi zomzimba kanye nezidingo eziyisisekelo zokudla okunomsoco. (1). Izinto ezisebenza nge-biochemically ezitholakala kutamatisi, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yomthamo wazo omkhulu we-antioxidant, azibonwa nje kuphela ngokwenza ngcono impilo, kodwa futhi njengendlela yokwelapha izifo ezahlukahlukene, njengesifo sikashukela, izifo zenhliziyo, nobuthi. (2-4). Isithelo sikatamatisi esivuthiwe siqukethe isilinganiso esingu-3.0-8.88% sezinto ezomile, ezihlanganisa 25% fructose, 22% glucose, 1% sucrose, 9% citric acid, 4% malic acid, 8% mineral elements, 8% protein, 7% pectin. , 6% cellulose, 4% hemicellulose, 2% lipids, futhi 4% asele kukhona amino acid, amavithamini, phenolic compounds, kanye pigments. (5, 6). Ukwakheka kwalezi zinhlanganisela kuyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi i-genotype, izimo ezikhulayo, kanye nesigaba sokuthuthukiswa kwezithelo. Izitshalo zikatamatisi zizwela kakhulu ezintweni zemvelo, njengezimo zokukhanya, izinga lokushisa, kanye nenani lamanzi ku-substrate, okuholela ekushintsheni kwe-metabolism yezitshalo, okubuye kube nomthelela kwikhwalithi nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwesithelo. (7). Izimo zemvelo zithinta kokubili i-physiology katamatisi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwama-metabolites esibili. Izitshalo ezikhule ngaphansi kwezimo zokucindezeleka zisabela ngokwandisa izakhiwo zazo ze-antioxidant (8).
Imvelaphi katamatisi njengohlobo oluthile ixhunywe esifundeni saseMelika Ephakathi (9) kanye namasu, njengokwakhiwa kwezindlu zokugcina izithombo ukuze kunikeze izinga lokushisa elidingekayo nokukhanya kwamatamatisi, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukunikeza izimo ze-agroclimatic ezidingekayo, ikakhulukazi endaweni yesimo sezulu esishisayo kanye nenkathi yasebusika. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, ukukhanya kuvame ukuba yimbangela yokukhula kukatamatisi. Ukukhanyisa okwengeziwe ngesikhathi sasebusika nasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo kuvumela ukukhiqiza utamatisi wekhwalithi ephezulu ngesikhathi esiphansi se-solar irradiance.
(10) . Ukusetshenziswa kwezibani ezinamaza ahlukene akukwazi ukuqinisekisa kuphela isivuno esanele sikatamatisi, kodwa futhi kuguqule ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali e-biochemical yesithelo sikatamatisi. Eminyakeni engu-60 edlule, izibani ze-sodium ezinengcindezi ephezulu (HPSLs) zisetshenziswe embonini ye-greenhouse ngenxa yempilo yazo ende yokusebenza kanye nezindleko eziphansi zokuthola.
(11) . Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni edlule, ama-light-emitting diode (ama-LED) aye athandwa kakhulu njengendlela eyonga kakhulu. (12). I-Supplemental LED isetshenziswe njengomthombo wokukhanya ophumelelayo ukuhlangabezana nesidingo sokukhiqizwa kukatamatisi. Okuqukethwe kwe-Lycopene ne-lutein kutamatisi bekuphakeme ngo-18 no-142% lapho zivezwa ekukhanyeni kwe-LED okungeziwe. Nokho, вOkuqukethwe kwe-carotene akuzange kuhluke phakathi kokwelashwa okukhanyayo (12). I-LED eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokubomvu yandisa i-lycopene futhi в- okuqukethwe kwe-carotene (13), okuholela ekuvuthweni kokuqala kwesithelo sikatamatisi (14). Okuqukethwe ushukela oncibilikayo esithelweni sikatamatisi ovuthiwe kwehliswa ngokukhanya okude okubomvu (FR). (15). Iziphetho ezifanayo zafinyelelwa ocwaningweni ngu-Xie: ukukhanya okubomvu kudala ukunqwabelana kwe-lycopene, kodwa ukukhanya kwe-FR kuyawuhlehlisa lo mphumela. (13). Kunolwazi oluncane ngemiphumela yokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ekuthuthukisweni kwesithelo sikatamatisi, kodwa ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunomphumela omncane enanini lama-biochemical compounds esithelweni sikatamatisi, kodwa ngaphezulu ekuzinzeni kwenqubo. Isibonelo, u-Kong nabanye bathole ukuthi ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kusetshenziselwe kangcono ukwelula isikhathi sokuphila kukatamatisi, njengoba ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kukhulisa kakhulu ukuqina kwesithelo. (16), okusho ngokuyisisekelo ukuthi ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunciphisa inqubo yokuvuthwa, okuholela ekwandeni kwenani likashukela nezingulube. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-greenhouse coverings njengendlela yokulawula ukubunjwa kokukhanya kufakazela iphethini efanayo. Ukusetshenziswa koqweqwe olunokukhanya okuphezulu okubomvu nokuphansi okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwandisa okuqukethwe kwe-lycopene cishe ngama-25%. Ngokuhlanganiswa ne-photoperiod lenyuke lisuka ku-11 laya ku-12 h, inani le-lycopene likhuphuka cishe ngo-70% (17). Akunakwenzeka njalo ezifundweni ukuhlukanisa ngokunembile umphumela wezici ekushintsheni kwamakhemikhali ezithelo zikatamatisi. Ikakhulukazi, ezimweni zokugcina ukushisa, ukwakheka kwesithelo kungandiswa ngamazinga okushisa aphakeme noma amazinga ancishisiwe amanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zici zingase zihlobane ne-genotypespecific ezinhlobonhlobo nesigaba sokuthuthuka (1, 18). Ukushoda kwamanzi kungase kuzuze ikhwalithi ye-tomatofruit ngenxa yamazinga anyukile engqikithi yezinto eziqinile ezincibilikayo (ushukela, ama-amino acid, nama-organic acid), okuyizinhlanganisela ezinkulu eziqoqwe esithelweni. Ukunyuka kwezinto eziqinile ezincibilikayo kuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yezithelo ngoba kuthinta ukunambitheka nokunambitha (8).
Naphezu kwemiphumela ebikiwe ye-spectrum yokukhanya ekuqoqweni kwama-metabolite ezitshalo, ulwazi olubanzi lwemiphumela ehlukene ye-spectrum yokuthuthukisa izinga likatamatisi liyadingeka. Ngakho-ke, inhloso yalolu cwaningo ukuhlola umphumela wokukhanyisa okwengeziwe okusetshenziswe ku-greenhouse ekuqoqweni kwama-metabolites ayisisekelo nesesibili ezinhlobonhlobo zamatamatisi. Izinguquko kokuqukethwe kwe-spectral yesistimu yokukhanyisa zingashintsha ukwakheka kwama-metabolites ayisisekelo nesesibili esithelweni sikatamatisi. Ulwazi olutholiwe luzokwenza ngcono ukuqonda komthelela wokukhanya ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwesivuno nekhwalithi yayo.
IZIMPAHLA NEZINDLELA
Impahla Yezitshalo Nezimo Zokukhula Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ku-greenhouse (4 mm cell polycarbonate) ye-Institute of Soil and Plant Sciences, i-Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies 56°39 N23°43'E phakathi no-2018/2019, 2019/2020, kanye no-2020/2021 ngasekupheleni kwekwindla-izinkathi zakuqala zentwasahlobo.
Utamatisi oxhunyelelwe ngokwentengiso (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivars “Bolzano F1” (umbala wezithelo—wolintshi), “Chocomate F1” (umbala wezithelo—obomvu-nsundu), kanye nezinhlobo zezithelo ezibomvu “Diamont F1,” “Encore F1,” kanye “ Kusetshenziswe iStrabena F1”. Isitshalo ngasinye sasinamakhanda amabili aholayo futhi ngesikhathi sokukhula, sasixhunywe ngentambo ngocingo oluphakeme. Izitshalo ezitholiwe, okokuqala, zatshalwa kabusha ezitsheni zepulasitiki ezimnyama ze-5 L ezine-substrate ye-"Laflora" peat KKS-2, pH.I-KCl 5.2-6.0, kanye nosayizi wengxenyana 0-20 mm, ingxube ye-PG (NPK 15-1020) 1.2 kg m-3, Ca 1.78%, kanye Mg 0.21%. Lapho izitshalo zifinyelela ku-anthesis, zafakwa ezitsheni zepulasitiki ezimnyama eziyi-15 L ezine-substrate efanayo ye-"Laflora" Peat KKS-2. Izitshalo zavundiswa kanye ngesonto ngesixazululo esingu-1% seKristalon Green (NPK 18-18-18) ene-Mg, S, nama-microelements ngesikhathi sesitshalo sokukhula kwesitshalo kanye ne-Kristalon Red (NPK 12-12-36) enama-microelements noma 1 % Ca(NO3)2 ngesikhathi sokuzala, ngokwesilinganiso 300 ml ilitha ngalinye le-substratum.
Okuqukethwe kwamanzi ezitsheni zezitshalo kwagcinwa ku-50-80% womthamo ogcwele wamanzi. Izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi emini/ebusuku lalingama-20-22°C/17-18°C.
Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu phakathi nosuku (March) alidluli ku-32°C kanye nezinga lokushisa elincane (November) phakathi nobusuku kwakungekho <12°C. Izinga lokushisa nalo likalwe ngaphansi kwezibani ebangeni elingu-50, 100, no-150 cm ukusuka endaweni yokukhanya. Kutholwe ukuthi ngaphansi kwe-HPSL 50 cm ukusuka ku-luminaire, izinga lokushisa lalingu-1.5°C ephakeme kunangaphansi kwamanye. Umehluko wezinga lokushisa ezingeni lezithelo awutholakalanga.
Izimo zokukhanyisa
Utamatisi wawutshalwa ngezikhathi zekwindla-entwasahlobo ngokusebenzisa ukukhanya okwengeziwe nge-photoperiod yamahora angu-16. Kusetshenziswe imithombo yokukhanyisa emithathu ehlukene: I-Led cob Helle top LED 280 (LED), isibani sokungeniswa (IND), kanye ne-HPSL Helle Magna (HPSL). Ekuphakameni okuphezulu, izitshalo zithole ama-200 ± 30 ^mlo m-2 s-1 ngaphansi kwe-LED ne-HPSL kanye ne-170 ± 30 ^mlo m-2 s-1 ngaphansi kwezibani ze-IND. Ukusatshalaliswa kokukhanya kokukhanya kuboniswa kuAmanani 1,2. Amandla okukhanya nokusatshalaliswa kwe-spectral kutholwe imitha yokukhanya ye-spectral ephathwa ngesandla i-MSC15 (Gigahertz Optik GmbH, Turkenfeld, Germany, UK).
Amalambu asetshenzisiwe ayehluka ekusakazeni kwawo ukukhanya kwe-spectral. Okufana kakhulu nokukhanya kwelanga engxenyeni ebomvu (625-700 nm) ye-spectrum kwakuyi-HPSL. Isibani se-IND kule ngxenye ye-spectrum sinikeze ukukhanya okungaphansi ngo-23.5%, kodwa i-LED yayisondele izikhathi ezingu-2 ngaphezulu. Ukukhanya okusawolintshi (590-625 nm) kukhishwe kakhulu yi-HPSL, ukukhanya okuluhlaza (500-565 nm) kukhishwa kakhulu yi-IND, ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (450-485 nm) kukhishwa kakhulu yi-LED, kepha ukukhanya okunsomi (380450 nm) kukhishwa kakhulu isibani se-IND. Uma uqhathanisa yonke i-spectrum yokukhanya okubonakalayo, umthombo wokukhanya we-LED kufanele ubhekwe njengoseduze kakhulu nokukhanya kwelanga futhi i-IND kufanele ithathwe njengengafaneleki kakhulu ngokwemibandela yokubukeka kwayo.
Ukukhishwa kanye nokunqunywa kwama-Phytochemicals
Izithelo zikatamatisi zazivunwa esigabeni sokuvuthwa okugcwele. Izithelo zazivunwa kanye ngenyanga kusukela phakathi noNovemba futhi ziphele ngoNdasa. Zonke izithelo zazibalwa futhi zikalwe. Okungenani, izithelo ezi-5 zokwehluka ngakunye (kwezithelo ze-cv “Strabena” -8-10) zathathwa ukuze zihlaziywe. Izithelo zikatamatisi zazigaywa zibe i-puree ngokusebenzisa i-blender yesandla. Kupharamitha ngayinye ehloliwe, ukuphindaphinda okuthathu kwahlaziywa.
Ukunqunywa kweLycopene kanye в- I-carotene
Ukunquma ukuhlushwa kwe-lycopene kanye вI-carotene, isampula ye-0.5 ± 0.001 g evela ku-tomato puree yabe isikalwa ibe yishubhu bese kwengezwa u-10 mL we-tetrahydrofuran (THF) (19). Amashubhu avaliwe futhi agcinwa ekamelweni lokushisa imizuzu engu-15, enyakaza ngezikhathi ezithile, futhi ekugcineni e-centrifuged imizuzu engu-10 ku-5,000 rpm. Ukumunca kwama-supernatants atholakele kwanqunywa nge-spectrophotometrically ngokulinganisa ukumunca ku-663, 645, 505, kanye no-453 nm bese kuba i-lycopene kanye вokuqukethwe kwe-carotene (mg 100 ml-1) zibalwe ngokwezibalo ezilandelayo.
Clyc = -0.0458 x Абbz + 0.204 x Аb45 + 0.372 x A505– 0.0806 x A453 (1)
Ccar = 0.216 x A663 – 1.22 x A645 – 0.304 x A505+ 0.452 x A453 (2)
lapho i-A663, A645, A505, ne-A453—ukumuncwa ngobude obuhambisanayo (20).
I-lycopene kanye вUkugxila kwe-carotene kuvezwa njenge-mg gF-M1 .
Ukunqunywa kweTotal Phenols
Isampula ye-1 ± 0.001 g kusuka ku-tomato puree yakalwa ibe yithubhu eneziqu kanye no-10 ml we-solvent (i-methanol/amanzi acwecwe/i-hydrochloric acid 79:20:1) yengezwe. Amashubhu aqediwe avaliwe futhi anyakaziswa imizuzu engama-60 ngemizuzu engama-20°C ebumnyameni bese i-centrifuged imizuzu eyi-10 ngo-5,000 rpm. Ingqikithi yokuhlushwa kwe-phenol yanqunywa kusetshenziswa indlela ye-Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometric (21) nokulungiswa okuthile: I-Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (ehlanjululwe ka-10 emanzini acwecwe) yengezwa ku-0.5 ml we-extract futhi ngemva kwemizuzu emi-3 yengeza u-2 mL we-sodium carbonate (Na2CO3(75 gl.)-1). Isampula yaxutshwa futhi ngemva kokufukanyelwa kwamahora angu-2 ekamelweni lokushisa ebumnyameni, ukumunca ku-760 nm kukalwa. Ingqikithi yezinhlanganisela ze-phenolic ibalwa ngokusebenzisa ijika lokulinganisa futhi yathola isibalo 3, futhi yavezwa njenge-gallic acid elingana (GAE) nge-100 g yesisindo sikatamatisi omusha.
0.556 x (A760 0.09 +) x 100
Phe = 0.556 × (A760 + 0.09) × 100/m (3)
lapho A760-ukumuncwa kubude begagasi obuhambisanayo kanye nesisindo esingu-m— sesampula.
Ukunqunywa kwe-Flavonoids
Isampula le-1 ± 0.001 g elisuka ku-tomato puree likalwa kwaba ishubhu elineziqu kwase kwengezwa i-ethanol engu-10 mL. Amashubhu aqediwe avaliwe futhi anyakaziswa imizuzu engama-60 ngemizuzu engama-20oC ebumnyameni bese i-centrifuged imizuzu eyi-10 ngo-5,000 rpm. Indlela ye-colorimetric (22) yayisetshenziselwa ukunquma ama-flavonoid anezinguquko ezincane: 2 mL wamanzi acwecwe kanye no-0.15 mL we-5% sodium nitrite (NaNO2) isisombululo sengezwe ku-0.5 mL we-extract. Ngemuva kwemizuzu emi-5, isisombululo esingu-0.15-mL sika-10% se-aluminium chloride (AlCl)3) kwengezwe. Ingxube ivunyelwe ukuba ime eminye imizuzu emi-5 kanye nesisombululo se-1mL 1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) yengezwe. Isampula yayixutshwe futhi ngemva kwemizuzu engu-15 ekamelweni lokushisa, ukumunca ku-415 nm kukalwa. Ingqikithi yokugxiliswa kwe-flavonoid ibalwe kusetshenziswa ijika lokulinganisa ne-Equation 4 futhi yavezwa njengenani le-catechin equivalents (CEs) nge-100 g yesisindo sikatamatisi omusha.
I-Fla = 0.444 × A415 × 100/m (4)
lapho A415-ukumuncwa kubude begagasi obuhambisanayo kanye nesisindo esingum- sesampula.
Ukunqunywa kwe-Dry Matter kanye ne-Soluble Solids Indaba eyomile inqunywe ngokumisa amasampula ku-thermostat engu-60oC.
Isamba sokuqukethwe okuqinile okuncibilikayo (okuchazwa ngokuthi ◦I-Brix) ikalwe nge-refractometer (A.KRUSS Optronic Digital Handheld Refractometer Dr301-95) elinganiselwe ku-20oC ngamanzi distilled.
Ukunqunywa kwe-Tittable Acidity (TA)
Isampula lika-2 ± 0.01 g ku-tomato puree likalwa kwaba ishubhu eliphothuliwe futhi amanzi acwecwe afakwa kuze kube ngu-20 mL. Amashubhu athweswe iziqu avalwa futhi anyakaziswa imizuzu engama-60 endaweni yokushisa yasekamelweni bese efakwa i-centrifuged imizuzu eyi-10 ku-5,000 rpm. Ama-aliquots angu-5 mL afakwe titrated ngo-0.1 M NaOH phambi kwe-phenolphthalein.
TA = VNaOH × Vt/Vs × m (5)
lapho VNaoH-ivolumu yevolumu esetshenzisiwe engu-0.1 M NaOH, i-Vt—ingqikithi yevolumu (20 mL), kanye ne-Vs—ivolumu yesampula (5 mL).
Imiphumela ichazwa njenge-mg ye-citric acid nge-100 g yesisindo sikatamatisi omusha. I-1 mL 0.1 M I-NaOH ihambisana no-6.4 mg citric acid.
I-Determination of Taste Index (TI)
I-TI yabalwa ngokusebenzisa i-equation 6 (23).
I-TI = ◦Brix/(20 × TA)+ TA (6)
Ukuhlaziywa kwesitatimende
Ukujwayelekile kanye nokufana kwezibalo ezichazayo kwahlolelwa ukubhekwa okungu-354. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Shapiro-Wilk kwasetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa kokujwayelekile ngaphakathi kwenhlanganisela ngayinye yezinhlobonhlobo nokwelashwa kokukhanyisa. Ukulinganisa ukuhlukahluka kokuhluka, ukuhlolwa kukaLevene kwenziwa. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Kruskal-Wallis kwasetshenziselwa ukuhlola umehluko phakathi kwezimo zokukhanyisa. Lapho umehluko ophawulekayo wezibalo ukhonjwa, ukuhlolwa kwe-Wilcoxon post-hoc nokulungiswa kwe-Bonferroni kwasetshenziswa ekuqhathaniseni okubili. Izinga lokubaluleka elisetshenziswe embhalweni, amathebula kanye namagrafu ngu a = 5%, ngaphandle uma kushiwo ngenye indlela.
IZIPHUMA
Usayizi wezithelo zikatamatisi kanye nemingcele ye-biochemical yezithelo yimingcele enqunywa izakhi zofuzo, kodwa izimo zokulima zinomthelela omkhulu kulezi zici. Izithelo ezinkulu zivunwa ku-"Diamont" (88.3 ± 22.9 g) kanti izithelo ezincane kakhulu zivunwa ku-"Strabena" (13.0 ± 3.8g), okuyizinhlobonhlobo zamatamatisi we-cherry. Ubukhulu besithelo phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo nabo bebuhluka kusukela ngesikhathi sokuvuna. Izithelo ezinkulu kakhulu zazivunwa ekuqaleni kokukhiqizwa futhi usayizi wamatamatisi wehla njengoba izitshalo zikhula. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngokwenyuka kwengxenye yokukhanya kwemvelo ekupheleni kukaMashi, usayizi wamatamatisi ukhuphuke kancane.
Kuyo yonke iminyaka emithathu, isivuno esikhulu sikatamatisi savunwa kusetshenziswa i-HPSL njengokukhanyisa okwengeziwe. Ukwehla kwesivuno ngaphansi kwama-LED kube ngu-16.0%, futhi ngaphansi kwe-IND – 17.7% uma kuqhathaniswa ne-HPSL. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zikatamatisi zisabela ngendlela ehlukile ekukhanyeni okungeziwe. Ukwenyuka kwesivuno, nakuba kungenakubaluleka ngokwezibalo, kubonwe ku-cv “Strabena”, “Chocomate” kanye ne-“Diamont” ngaphansi kwama-LED. Ku-cv “Bolzano” kwakungekho ukukhanya okungeziwe kwe-LED noma kwe-IND okwakufanelekile, ukuncipha kwesamba sesivuno ngo-25-31% kwabonwa.
Ngokwesilinganiso, izithelo ezinkulu zikatamatisi ziqukethe izinto ezingasomile neziqinile ezincibilikayo, azimnandi kangako, futhi aqukethe ama-carotenoid nama-phenols amancane. Isici esingathinteki kakhulu ngosayizi wezithelo yi-asidi. Ukuhlobana okuphezulu kubonakala phakathi kwento eyomile nokuqukethwe okuqinile okuncibilikayo kanye ne-TI (rn=195 > 0.9). I-coefficient yokuhlobana phakathi kwento eyomile noma okuqukethwe okuqinile okuncibilikayo kanye ne-carotenoid (i-lycopene ne-carotene) nokuqukethwe kwe-phenol kuhluka phakathi kuka-0.7 no-0.8 (Umfanekiso we-3).
Ukuhlola kubonise ukuthi, nakuba umehluko wemingcele efundwayo phakathi kwezibani ezisetshenzisiwe ngezinye izikhathi umkhulu, kunemingcele embalwa enjalo engashintsha kakhulu ngaphansi kwethonya lomthombo wokukhanya osetshenziswe phakathi nayo yonke inkathi yokukhula futhi kucatshangelwa ukuhlukahluka kanye nezintathu. izinkathi zokukhula (Ithebula 1). Kungashiwo ukuthi utamatisi wazo zonke izinhlobo ezitshalwe ngaphansi kwe-HPSL zinento eyomile kakhulu (Ithebula 1futhiUmfanekiso we-5).
Isisindo Esisha, Indaba Eyomile, Neziqina Ezincibilikayo
Isisindo nosayizi wesithelo kuncike kakhulu ezimeni zokukhula kwesitshalo. Nakuba bekunomehluko phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo, isilinganiso sesithelo sikatamatisi esikhula ngaphansi kwezibani zokungeniswa sasingaphansi ngo-12% kunangaphansi kwe-HPSL noma i-LED. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zibonakala zisabela ngendlela ehlukile ekukhanyeni kwe-LED okungeziwe. Izithelo ezinkulu zakhiwa ngaphansi kwama-LED nge-"Chocomate" kanye "ne-Diamont," kodwa isisindo esisha se-"Bolzano" singama-72% kuphela wesisindo sikatamatisi ngaphansi kwe-HPSL. Izithelo ze-"Encore" kanye "ne-Strabena" ezitshalwe ngaphansi kokukhanya okungeziwe kwe-LED kanye ne-IND ziyefana ngesisindo futhi zincane ngo-10 no-7%, ngokulandelana, kunotamatisi otshalwe ngaphansi kwe-HPSL. (Umfanekiso we-4).
Okuqukethwe kwe-dry matter kungenye yezinkomba zekhwalithi yezithelo. Ihambisana nokuqukethwe kwezinto eziqinile ezincibilikayo futhi ithonya ukunambitheka kukatamatisi. Ekuhloleni kwethu, okuqukethwe kwento eyomile katamatisi kuhluka phakathi kuka-46 no-113 mg g-1. Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwento eyomile (ngokwesilinganiso 95 mg g-1) yatholwa uhlobo lwe-cherry "Strabena." Phakathi kwezinye izimila zikatamatisi, okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwento eyomile (ngokwesilinganiso 66 mg g-1) itholwe ku-"Chocomate" (Umfanekiso we-5).
Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, okuqukethwe kwe-asidi ephilayo, evezwa njenge-citric acid (CA) okulingana notamatisi, okulinganiselwa ku-365 kuya ku-640 mg 100 g.-1 . Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-asidi ephilayo kutholwe kutamatisi we-cherry cv "Strabena," isilinganiso esingu-596 ± 201 mg CA 100 g.-1, kodwa okuqukethwe kwe-asidi ephilayo ephansi kakhulu kwatholakala kusithelo esiphuzi cv "Bolzano," isilinganiso esingu-545 ± 145 mg CA 100 g-1. Okuqukethwe kwe-Organic acid akuhlukanga kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo, kodwa futhi phakathi kwezikhathi zesampula; Nokho, ngokwesilinganiso, okuqukethwe kwe-asidi ephilayo ephakeme kwatholakala kumatamatisi atshalwe ngaphansi kwezibani ze-IND (edlula i-HPSL ne-LED ngo-10.2%).
Ngokwesilinganiso, okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwento eyomile kutholwe ezithelweni ezitshalwe ngaphansi kwe-HPSL. Ngaphansi kwesibani se-IND, okuqukethwe kwento eyomile yesithelo sikatamatisi kwehla ngo-4.7-16.1%, ngaphansi kwe-LED engu-9.9-18.2%. Izinhlobonhlobo ezisetshenziswe ekuhloleni zizwela ngokuhlukile ekukhanyeni. Ukuncipha okuncane kwento eyomile ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene zokukhanya kubonwe ku-cv “Strabena” (5.8% forIND kanye no-11.1% weLED, ngokulandelana) kanye nokwehla okukhulu kwento eyomile ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene zokukhanya kubonwe ku-cv“Diamont”(16.1% no-18.2) .XNUMX% ngokulandelana).
Ngokwesilinganiso, okuqukethwe okuqinile okuncibilikayo kuyehluka phakathi kuka-3.8 no-10.2 ◦Brix. Ngokufanayo, ku-drymatter, okuqukethwe okuqinile okuphezulu kakhulu okuncibilika kutholwe kusihlobo sikatamatisi we-cherry "Strabena" (ngokwesilinganiso esingu-8.1 ± 1.0 ◦Brix). I-cv katamatisi ethi “Diamont” ibimnandi kancane (ngokwesilinganiso esingu-4.9 ± 0.4 ◦Brix).
Ukukhanyisa okungeziwe kuthinte kakhulu okuqukethwe okuqinile okuncibilikayo kwezimila zikatamatisi "i-Bolzano," "i-Diamont," kanye ne-"Encore." Ngaphansi kokukhanya kwe-LED, okuqukethwe okuqinile okuncibilikayo kulezi zinhlobonhlobo kwehle kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa ne-HPSL. Umphumela wesibani se-IND ube mncane. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo zokukhanya, utamatisi okhulayo we-cv "Bolzano" kanye "ne-Strabena" wayenoshukela ongaphezu kuka-4.7 no-4.3% kunangaphansi kwe-HPSL etshalwe. Ngeshwa, lokhu kwanda akubalulekile ngokwezibalo (Umfanekiso we-6).
Utamatisi we-TI uyahlukahluka kusuka ku-0.97 kuya ku-1.38. Okunambitheka kakhulu kwakungutamatisi we-cv “Strabena,” ngokwesilinganiso i-TI yayingu-1.32 ± 0.1 futhi eyayinambitheka kakhulu utamatisi we-cv “Diamont,” ngokwesilinganiso i-TI yayingu-1.01 ± 0.06 kuphela. I-TI ephezulu inohlobo lukatamatisi “i-Bolzano,” ngokwesilinganiso i-TI (1.12 ± 0.06), ilandelwa “i-Chocomate,” ngokwesilinganiso i-TI(1.08 ± 0.06).
Ngokwesilinganiso, i-TI ayithinteki kakhulu emthonjeni wokukhanyisa, ngaphandle kwe-cv "Strabena," lapho izithelo ngaphansi kwesibani se-IND
ITAFULA 1 | P-amanani (ukuhlolwa kwe-Kruskal-Wallis) kwemiphumela yokukhanyisa okungeziwe okuhlukile kukhwalithi yesithelo sikatamatisi (n = 118).
Ipharamitha |
"Bolzano" |
"Ushokoledi" |
"Encore" |
"Diamont" |
"Strabena |
Isisindo sesithelo |
0.013 * |
I-0.008 ** |
0.110 |
0.400 |
0.560 |
Indaba eyomile |
0.022 * |
0.013 * |
0.011 * |
I-0.001 ** |
0.015 * |
Izinto eziqinile ezincibilikayo |
0.027 * |
0.030 |
0.030 * |
I-0.001 ** |
0.270 |
Umswakama |
0.078 |
0.022 |
0.160 |
I-0.001 ** |
0.230 |
Inkomba yokunambitha |
0.370 |
0.140 |
0.600 |
I-0.001 ** |
0.023 * |
I-Lycopene |
0.052 |
0.290 |
0.860 |
0.160 |
0.920 |
i-carotene |
<I-0.001 *** |
I-0.007 ** |
0.940 |
0.110 |
0.700 |
Phenols |
0.097 |
0.750 |
0.450 |
0.800 |
0.420 |
I-Flavonoids |
0.430 |
0.035 * |
0.720 |
0.440 |
0.170 |
Amazinga okubaluleka “******0.001, "**”0.01, kanye “*”0.05. |
|
babe nokwenyuka kwe-TI uma kuqhathaniswa ne-HPSL ngo-7.4% (i-LED ngo-4.2%) uma kuqhathaniswa ne-HPSL kanye ne-cv “Diamont” ngaphansi kokubili kwezimo zokukhanyisa ezishiwo ngaphambili zehle ngo-5.3 kanye no-8.4%, ngokulandelana, zitholiwe.
Okuqukethwe kwe-Carotenoids
Ukuhlushwa kwe-Lycopene kutamatisi kwahlukahluka kusuka ku-0.07 (cv “Bolzano”) kuya ku-7 mg 100 g-1 Ukhozi FM (“Strabena”). Okuqukethwe kwe-lycopene ephakeme kancane uma kuqhathaniswa ne-“Diamont” (4.40 ± 1.35 mg 100 g-1 FM) kanye ne-“Encore” (4.23 ± 1.33 mg 100 g-1 I-FM) itholwe ezithelweni ezinombala obomvu onsundu ze-"Chocomate" (4.74 ± 1.48 mg 100 g-1 Ukhozi FM).
Ngokwesilinganiso, izithelo ezivela ezitshalweni ezitshalwe ngaphansi kwezibani ze-IND ziqukethe i-lycopene engu-17.9% ngaphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa ne-HPSL. Ukukhanyisa kwe-LED kukhuthaze nokuhlanganiswa kwe-lycopene, kodwa kancane kancane, ngesilinganiso esingu-6.5%. Umthelela wemithombo yokukhanya iye yahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi i-cultivar. Umehluko omkhulu kakhulu ku-lycopene biosynthesis waqashelwa "Chocomate." Ukwenyuka kokuqukethwe kwe-lycopene ngaphansi kwe-IND uma kuqhathaniswa ne-HPSL bekungu-27.2% nangaphansi kwe-LED ngo-13.5%. I-“Strabena” ibingazweli kangako, inezinguquko ezingu-3.2 kanye -1.6%, ngokulandelana, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-HPSL. (Umfanekiso we-7). Ngaphandle kwemiphumela ekholisayo, ukucutshungulwa kwezibalo kwedatha akuqinisekisi ukwethembeka kwayo (Ithebula 1).
Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, в-Carotene okuqukethwe utamatisi isilinganiso kusuka 4.69 ukuze 9.0 mg 100 g-1 Ukhozi FM. Okuphakeme kakhulu вOkuqukethwe kwe-carotene kutholwe kutamatisi we-cherry cv "Strabena," isilinganiso esingu-8.88 ± 1.58 mg 100 g-1 FM, kodwa ephansi вOkuqukethwe kwe-carotene kwatholakala kusithelo esiphuzi cv "Bolzano," isilinganiso esingu-5.45 ± 1.45 mg 100 g-1 I-FM.
Umehluko obalulekile kokuqukethwe kwe-carotene utholwe phakathi kwezinhlobo ezitshalwe ngaphansi kokukhanya okungeziwe okuhlukile. I-Cv “Bolzano” etshalwe ngaphansi kwe-LED ibonisa ukwehla okukhulu kokuqukethwe kwe-carotene (ngo-18.5% uma kuqhathaniswa ne-HPSL), kuyilapho i-“Chocomate” inokuqukethwe kwe-carotene okuphansi kakhulu ngaphansi kwe-HPSL esithelweni sikatamatisi (5.32 ± 1.08 mg 100 g FM-1) futhi inyuke ngo-34.3% ngaphansi kwe-LED kanye no-46.4 % ngaphansi kwamalambu e-IND (Umfanekiso we-8).
Ingqikithi Yokuqukethwe Kwe-Phenolic kanye Ne-Flavonoids
Okuqukethwe kwe-phenol kwezithelo zikatamatisi kuyehluka ngokwesilinganiso kusuka ku-27.64 kuya ku-56.26 mg GAE 100 g-1 FM (Ithebula 2). Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-phenol kubonwa ezinhlobonhlobo ze-"Strabena" futhi okuqukethwe kwe-phenol okuphansi kubonwa ezinhlobonhlobo ze-"Diamont." Okuqukethwe kwe-phenol kutamatisi kuyahlukahluka kuye ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwesithelo, ngakho-ke kukhona ukushintshashintsha okukhulu phakathi kwezikhathi ezahlukene zesampula. Lokhu kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi umehluko phakathi kukatamatisi otshalwe ngaphansi kwezibani ezahlukene awubalulekile.
Nakuba umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo zokukhanya okungeziwe uvela kuphela endabeni ye-cv "Chocomate," isilinganiso se-flavonoid sokuqukethwe kwezithelo ezitshalwe ngaphansi kwesibani singama-33.3%, kodwa ngaphansi kwe-LED ngo-13.3% ngaphezulu. Ngaphansi kwezibani ze-IND, umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo uyabonwa, kodwa ngaphansi kwe-LED ukuhlukahluka ku-10.3-15.6%.
Ukuhlola kubonise ukuthi izinhlobo ezahlukene zikatamatisi zisabela ngendlela ehlukile ekukhanyeni okungeziwe okusetshenzisiwe.
Akunconywa ukukhulisa i-cv “Bolzano” ngaphansi kwesibani se-LED noma se-IND ngoba kulokhu kukhanyisa, amapharamitha afana nalawo atholwe ngaphansi kwe-HPSL noma aphansi kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwezibani ze-LED, isisindo sesithelo esisodwa, into eyomile, okuqukethwe okuqinile okuncibilikayo, ne-carotene kwehliswa kakhulu. ( Umfanekiso we-9 ).
ITAFULA 2 | Okuqukethwe kwengqikithi yama-phenolics [mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) 100 g-1 I-FM] nama-flavonoid [mg citric acid (CA) 100 g-1 I-FM] ezithelweni zikatamatisi ezitshalwe ngaphansi kokukhanya okungeziwe okuhlukile.
Ipharamitha |
"Bolzano" |
"Ushokoledi" |
"Encore" |
"Diamont" |
"Strabena" |
Phenols |
|||||
I-HPSL |
36.33 ± 5.34 |
31.23 ± 5.67 |
27.64 ± 7.12 |
30.26 ± 5.71 |
48.70 ± 11.24 |
IND |
33.21 ± 4.05 |
34.77 ± 6.39 |
31.00 ± 6.02 |
30.63 ± 5.11 |
56.26 ± 13.59 |
LED |
36.16 ± 6.41 |
31.70 ± 6.80 |
30.44 ± 3.01 |
30.98 ± 6.52 |
52.57 ± 10.41 |
I-Flavonoids |
|||||
I-HPSL |
4.50 ± 1.32 |
3.78 ± 0.65a |
2.65 ± 1.04 |
2.57 ± 1.15 |
5.17 ± 2.33 |
IND |
4.57 ± 0.75 |
5.24 ± I-0.79b |
4.96 ± 1.46 |
2.84 ± 0.67 |
6.65 ± 1.64 |
LED |
4.96 ± 1.08 |
4.37 ± I-1.18ab |
3.02 ± 1.04 |
2.88 ± 1.08 |
5.91 ± 1.20 |
Izindlela ezihluke kakhulu zilebulwe ngezinhlamvu ezihlukene. |
Ngokungafani ne "Bolzano," "Chocomate" ngaphansi kokukhanyisa kwe-LED kwandisa isisindo sesithelo esisodwa futhi inani le-carotene liyakhula. Amanye amapharamitha angafaki izinto ezomile nokuqukethwe okuncibilikayo okuncibilikayo nakho kuphezulu kunezithelo ezitholwe ngaphansi kwe-HPSL. Endabeni yalezi zinhlobonhlobo, isibani sokungeniswa sibuye sibonise imiphumela emihle (Umfanekiso we-9).
Ku-cv "Diamont," izinkomba ezinquma izakhiwo zokunambitha zincishiswa kakhulu ngaphansi kokukhanya kwe-LED, kodwa okuqukethwe kwe-pigments nama-flavonoid kuyanda. (Umfanekiso we-9).
I-cultivars ethi "Encore" kanye "neStrabena" yizona ezingaphenduli kakhulu ekwelapheni ukukhanya okungeziwe. Ku-"Encore," ipharamitha okuwukuphela kwayo ethinteke kakhulu ku-spectrum yokukhanya kwe-LED okuqukethwe okuqinile okuncibilikayo. "I-Strabena" nayo ibekezelela izinguquko ekubunjweni kwe-spectral yokukhanya. Lokhu kungabangwa yizimpawu zofuzo zenhlobonhlobo, njengoba lokhu kwakuwukuphela kwenhlobo katamatisi we-cherry efakwe ekuhlolweni. Yayibonakala ngokuphakeme kakhulu kwawo wonke amapharamitha afundwayo. Ngakho-ke, akukwazanga ukuthola izinguquko kumapharamitha afundwayo ngaphansi kwethonya lokukhanya (Umfanekiso we-9).
UKUKHULUMA
Isisindo esijwayelekile sesithelo sikatamatisi sihambisana nesisindo esihlosiwe sezinhlobonhlobo; nokho, akuzuzwa. Lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yendlela yokulima esikhundleni sekhwalithi yokukhanyisa, njengoba amanzi amancane angasetshenziswa endaweni engaphansi ye-peat, enganciphisa isisindo sesithelo, kodwa akhulise ukugxila kwezinto ezisebenzayo futhi athuthukise ukugcwala kokunambitheka. (24). Ukushintshashintsha okuncane kakhulu kwesilinganiso sesisindo sesithelo se-"Encore F1" njengomphumela womthombo wokukhanyisa kungabonisa ukubekezelela kwalolu hlobo kukhwalithi yokukhanya. Lokhu kuhambisana nokubuyekezwa kwesihloko (25). Isivuno kanye nekhwalithi yamatamatisi akuthintwa nje kuphela ngokuqina kokukhanya okungeziwe okusetshenzisiwe, kodwa futhi nekhwalithi yayo. Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi isivuno esincane kwakheka ngaphansi kwamalambu e-IND. Kodwa-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi imiphumela emincane ibonakale ngenxa yokuqina okuncane kwamalambu okungenisa ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi isici esiyinhloko samalambu okungenisa ibhande elibanzi lamaza aluhlaza. Idatha ibonisa ukuthi ukwanda kwenani lokukhanya okubomvu kunomthelela ekwandeni kwesisindo esisha samatamatisi, kodwa akuthinti ukwanda kokuqukethwe kwendaba eyomile. Kubonakala sengathi ukukhanya okubomvu kukhuthaze ukwanda kokuqukethwe kwamanzi kutamatisi. Ngokuphambene, ukwanda kokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunciphisa okuqukethwe kwento eyomile yazo zonke izinhlobo zamatamatisi. Okuzwela kakhulu utamatisi ophuzi cultivar "Balzano". Ucwaningo oluningana lubonise ukuthi i-photosynthesis ngaphansi kwenhlanganisela yokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza ivame ukuba phezulu kunokukhanya kwe-HPS, kodwa isivuno sezithelo siyalingana. (12). Olle kanye Virsile (26) ithole ukuthi ama-LED abomvu athuthukisa isivuno sikatamatisi futhi lokho kugcizelela okutholwe ocwaningweni lwethu olusho ukuthi ngokuvamile ngokungezwa okuphezulu kwamagagasi abomvu kwandisa isivuno. Ngombono ofanayo, uZhang et al. (14) ichaza ukuthi ngisho nokwengeza ukukhanya kwe-FR kuhlanganiswe nama-LED abomvu kanye ne-HPSL inyusa inani lenani lezithelo. Ukukhanya kwe-LED okungeziwe okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokubomvu kuholele ekuvuthweni kokuqala kwesithelo sikatamatisi. Lokhu kungase kubonise ukuthi isizathu sokuba nenani eliphakeme lezithelo ngaphansi kwama-LED wezimila ze-“Chocomate F1” kanye “ne-“Diamont F1”, njengoba ukuvuthwa kusenesikhathi kuholele ekumisweni kwezithelo ezintsha. Mayelana nesivuno, idatha yethu ibonisa ukuthi akukhona ukwanda kokukhanya okubomvu okubaluleke kakhulu ekwandiseni isivuno, kodwa ingxenye eyengeziwe yokukhanya okubomvu kunokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Njengoba enye yezimpawu ezithandekayo zikatamatisi wekhasimende ubumnandi, kubalulekile ukuqonda izindlela ezingenzeka zokuthuthukisa lesi sici. Noma kunjalo, ngokuvamile iguqulwa yizici ezihlukahlukene zemvelo (27). Kunobufakazi bokuthi ukwakheka qualitative ukukhanya futhi kuthinta okuqukethwe biochemical of utamatisi izithelo. Okuqukethwe ushukela oncibilikayo esithelweni sikatamatisi ovuthiwe kwehliswe ngokukhanya okude kwe-FR (15). Kong et al. (16) imiphumela ibonise ukuthi ukwelashwa kokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuholele kakhulu kokuqinile okuncibilikayo. Okuqukethwe kukashukela ezitshalweni kuyanda ngokukhanya okuluhlaza, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokubomvu (28). Ukuhlola kwethu akukuqinisekisi lokho, ngoba ukwanda kwakho kokubili ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokubomvu kunciphisa ngokuhlukana okuqukethwe kwezinto eziqinile ezincibilikayo ezimweni eziningi. Imiphumela yethu yabonisa ukuthi izinga eliphezulu likashukela oncibilikayo litholakale ngaphansi kwe-HPSL eletha ingxenye enkulu yokukhanya okubomvu kunezinye izibani futhi iphinde inyuse izinga lokushisa eduze kwamalambu. Lokhu kuhambisana nocwaningo lwangaphambili lapho izifundo zika-Erdberga et al. (29) wabonisa ukuthi okuqukethwe ushukela encibilikayo, organic acid ukwanda ngokwanda amagagasi abomvu imithamo. Imiphumela efanayo yatholwa kwezinye izifundo. Isisindo sesithelo sikatamatisi esisezingeni eliphakeme sitholwe ezitshalweni ezikhanyiswe ngamalambu e-HPS uma kuqhathaniswa nezitshalo eziphuma kumalambu e-LED (8.7-12.2% kuye nge-cultivar) (30).
Nokho, izifundo zikaDzakovich et al. (31) ifakazele ukuthi ikhwalithi yokukhanya okungeziwe (i-HPSL ngama-LED) ayizange ithinte kakhulu i-physicochemical (ingqikithi yezinto eziqinile ezincibilikayo, i-titratable acidity, okuqukethwe kwe-ascorbic acid, i-pH, ingqikithi yama-phenolics, nama-flavonoid avelele nama-carotenoid) noma izici ezizwakalayo zikatamatisi otshalwe endaweni ebamba ukushisa. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi inani likashukela oncibilikayo ezithelweni lingathinteki nje ngezinto ezihlukene, kodwa futhi nezinhlanganisela zabo. Futhi ekuhloleni kwethu akwenzekanga ukuthola ukujwayela phakathi kwamathonya okukhanya kokuqukethwe kwe-asidi. Ikakhulukazi, ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo akufanele lugxile kuphela ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwezinhlobo nokukhanya, kodwa futhi nasebudlelwaneni phakathi kwe-cultivar nokukhanya. Okuqukethwe kwe-dry matter bekuphezulu kokuthi “Chocomate F1” kanye “neStrabena F1.” Lokhu kuhambisana noKurina et al. (6), lapho ngokwesilinganiso, ukungena okunsundu okubomvu kuqongelele izinto ezomile (6.46%). Izifundo zikaDuma et al. (32) wabonisa ukuthi uma kuqhathaniswa izithelo mass kanye TI, kuyabonakala ukuthi ephakeme TI utamatisi ezincane noma ezinkulu. Ukuhlolwa kukaRodica et al. (23) wabonisa ukuthi utamatisi we-cherry nombala obomvu onsundu uqukethe izinto eziqinile ezincibilikayo. Kulolu cwaningo, kugcizelelwa ukuthi ubuningi bezinto eziphilayo ezinquma ukunambitheka kwesithelo kuncike ekukhiqizeni kwecultivar.
Ukuchayeka ekukhanyeni okungeziwe okubomvu nokuluhlaza kwe-LED kukhulisa i-lycopene kanye в- okuqukethwe kwe-carotene (13, 29, 33, 34). UDannehl et al. (12) ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi okuqukethwe kwe-lycopene ne-lutein kutamatisi kwakuphakeme ngo-18 kanye no-142% lapho evezwe ku-LED fixture. Nokho, вOkuqukethwe kwe-carotene kwakungehlukile phakathi kokwelashwa okukhanyayo. Ntagkas et al. (35) wabonisa ukuthi i-zeaxanthin, umkhiqizo we в-ukuguqulwa kwe-carotene, ukwanda kwezithelo zikatamatisi ngaphansi kokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokumhlophe. Kulolu cwaningo, lezi zitatimende ngokwengxenye ziyiqiniso kuphela esimweni se- "Bolzano F1" lapho inani elikhulu kakhulu le-lycopene litholakale ngaphansi kokwelashwa kwe-LED, kodwa в-i-carotene ayizange iphendule kabi kulokhu kwelashwa. Lokhu kungenzeka kungenxa yezici zofuzo njengoba i-“Bolzano F1” iwuhlobo lwesithelo esiwolintshi kuphela kulolu cwaningo. Kwezinye izifundo, ngezimila ezibomvu-fruited nezinsundu, inani eliphakeme kakhulu le-lycopene kanye в-i-carotene itholwe ngaphansi kwamalambu e-Induction angaqinisekisi izitayela zeminyaka edlule (29). Ukuhlola kwethu kubonise ukuthi okuqukethwe kwe-lycopene kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobo zikatamatisi ezibomvu zenyuka ngokwanda kokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngokuphambene, izinguquko kokuqukethwe kwe-carotene kuma-cultivar ahlukene ziyehluleka ukusungula okujwayelekile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zikatamatisi ezisetshenziswa ekuhloleni. Lokhu kwehluka kukhomba isidingo sokuhlolwa okwengeziwe kwesifundo esikhathini esizayo. Iphethini efanayo yokusabela ekukhanyeni ngenxa yezici ze-cultivar yabonwa ngesamba se-phenolsandflavonoids. Wonke ama-cultivar anezithelo ezibomvu kanye ne-brown-fruited abonise imiphumela engcono ngaphansi kwamalambu e-IND, kuyilapho i-“Bolzano F1” iphendule ngemiphumela ephezulu ku-HPSL namalambu e-LED ngaphandle komehluko omkhulu. Lolu cwaningo luhambisana nokutholwe yi-Kong: ukwelashwa kokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuholele kakhulu ekugxilweni okwengeziwe kwezinhlanganisela ze-phenolic (i-chlorogenic acid, i-caffeic acid, ne-rutin) (16). Ukukhanya okubomvu okuqhubekayo kwandise kakhulu i-lycopene, в-i-carotene, okuqukethwe okuphelele kwe-phenolic, ukuhlushwa okuphelele kwe-flavonoid, nomsebenzi we-antioxidant kumatamatisi (36). Ezifundweni zethu zangaphambili, ama-flavonoid ashintshile ngokushintshashintsha; ngakho-ke, akukho miphumela ye-wavelength yokukhanya okufanele iphawulwe njengebalulekile.
I-Theamountofphenol iye yanda ngengxenye ekhulayo yokukhanya okuluhlaza okuhlinzekwa ngamalambu e-LED (29), lokhu kuhambisana futhi nocwaningo lwethu. Kuyashiwo kweminye imisebenzi yabacwaningi ukuthi ukuchayeka ekukhanyeni kwe-UV noma kwe-LED akuzange kube nomthelela kumakhompiyutha aphelele we-phenolic, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kokubili ukwelashwa okukhanyayo kwaziwa ngokushintsha ukubonakaliswa kohlu lwezakhi zofuzo ezihilelekile ku-biosynthesis ofphenolic compounds kanye ne-carotenoids. (36). Kufanele kukhulunywe ukuthi ngokufanayo nesisindo sesithelo, awukho umehluko obalulekile kumakhemikhali ahlanganisiwe ku- "Encore F1" ngenxa yokwelashwa okulula. Lokhu kuvumela ukumemezela ukuthi i-cultivar "Encore F1" ingabekezelela ukwakheka kokukhanya. Ukuhlola kwethu kuqinisekisa idatha yezincwadi ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwama-metabolite esibili kuthuthukiswa kokubili inani lenani lokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nengxenye ekhuphukile yokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kusistimu yokukhanyisa iyonke.
Imiphumela etholiwe ibonisa ukuthi izakhi zamakhemikhali, kuhlanganise noshukela oncibilikayo nge-asidi kanye nesilinganiso sawo, esinesibopho sokunambitheka kwesici sezinhlobonhlobo, kuncike ngokuyinhloko kufuzo lwezinhlobonhlobo. Ukunambitheka okuhle kukatamatisi akubonakali nje kuphela ngokuhlanganiswa kwezingulube ezithize zezinhlobo ezithile nezinto eziphilayo ezisebenzayo, kodwa futhi ngenani lazo. Ikakhulukazi, isilinganiso kanye nenani lama-asidi noshukela kubonisa ukunambitheka okugcwele kanye nekhwalithi ephezulu. Kulolu cwaningo, ukuhlobana okuhle phakathi koshukela oncibilikayo nama-acids athathiwe kungu-~0.4, okuhlotshaniswa nocwaningo lukaHernandez Suarez, lapho ukuhlobana okuhle phakathi kwezinkomba ezimbili kutholakale ukuthi yi-0.39 (37). Ezifundweni zikaDzakovich et al. (31), utamatisi afakwe ephrofayilini ukuze athole izinto eziqinile ezincibilikayo, i-acidity ye-titratable, okuqukethwe kwe-ascorbic acid, i-pH, i-phenolics ephelele, nama-flavonoid avelele nama-carotenoids. Ucwaningo lwabo lubonise ukuthi ikhwalithi yesithelo se-greenhouse tomato yayithinteke kancane ngokwelashwa okungeziwe okukhanyayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, idatha yephaneli yezinzwa yabathengi ibonise ukuthi utamatisi otshalwe ngaphansi kokwelashwa okuhlukile kokukhanyisa wawuqhathaniswa nokwelashwa kokukhanyisa okuhloliwe. Ucwaningo luphakamise ukuthi indawo yokukhanya eguquguqukayo ehambisana nezinhlelo zokukhiqiza i-greenhouse ingase iqede imiphumela yamaza okukhanya asetshenziswa ezifundweni zabo ezicini ezithile ze-fruit secondary metabolism. (31). Lokhu kuyingxenye ehambisana nalolu cwaningo, njengoba izibalo ezitholiwe azibonisi ukuthambekela okucacile nokungaqondakali, okusivumela ukuthi sisho ukuthi enye yokukhanyisa iwusizo kakhulu utamatisi kunabanye. Kodwa-ke, izibani ezithile zingase zisetshenziselwe izinhlobo ezithile, isibonelo, izibani ze-HPSL zingafaneleka kakhulu ku-“Bolzano F1” futhi ukukhanyisa kwe-LED kunconyelwe i-“Chocomate F1.” Lokhu kuhambisana nocwaningo kwaba umphumela wezindawo ezihlukene zezindawo ezakhiweni zamakhemikhali zikatamatisi zacwaningwa. Bhandari etal. (38) yacacisa ukuthi nakuba inhlanganisela yokuma kwelanga esibhakabhakeni futhi, ngenxa yalokho, inhlanganisela yamaza okukhanya abonakalayo, idlala indima ebalulekile ekuguquleni ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali katamatisi; kunezinhlobonhlobo ezingavikelekile kulezi zinqubo. Zonke lezi ziphetho zivumela ukugcizelela ukuthi ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali katamatisi kuncike ngokuyinhloko kuhlobo lwe-genotype, njengoba ubudlelwano bezitshalo nezinto ezikhulayo, ikakhulukazi nokukhanya, bunofuzo.
ISIPHETHO
Izinhlobo ezahlukene zikatamatisi zisabela ngendlela ehlukile ekukhanyeni okungeziwe okusetshenzisiwe. I-cultivars ethi "Encore" kanye ne "Strabena" yizona ezingaphenduli ekukhanyeni okungeziwe. Ku-"Encore," ipharamitha okuwukuphela kwayo ethinteke kakhulu ku-spectrum yokukhanya kwe-LED okuqukethwe okuqinile okuncibilikayo. "I-Strabena" nayo ibekezelela izinguquko ekubunjweni kwe-spectral yokukhanya. Lokhu kungabangwa yizimpawu zofuzo zenhlobonhlobo, njengoba lokhu bekuwukuphela kwenhlobo katamatisi wecherry efakwe ekuhlolweni. Akunconywa ukukhulisa i-cv yesithelo esinombala osawolintshi "Bolzano" ngaphansi kwesibani se-LED noma se-IND ngoba kulokhu kukhanyisa, amapharamitha asezingeni le-HPSL noma kubi kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwezibani ze-LED, isisindo sesithelo esisodwa, into eyomile, okuqukethwe okuqinile okuncibilikayo, kanye в- i-carotene iyancipha kakhulu. Isithelo esisodwa isisindo kanye nenani в-i-carotene yesithelo esibomvu-nsundu cv "Chocomate" ngaphansi kokukhanyisa kwe-LED ikhula kakhulu. Amanye amapharamitha angafaki izinto ezomile nokuqukethwe okuncibilikayo okuncibilikayo nakho kuphezulu kunezithelo ezitholwe ngaphansi kwe-HPSL.
Ukuhlola kubonise ukuthi i-HPSL ikhuthaza ukuqoqwa kwama-metabolite ayisisekelo esithelweni sikatamatisi. Kuzo zonke izimo, okuqukethwe kwezinto eziqinile ezincibilikayo bekuphezulu ngo-4.7-18.2% uma kuqhathaniswa neminye imithombo yokukhanyisa.
Njengoba izibani ze-LED kanye ne-IND zikhipha ukukhanya okungaba ngu-20% okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-violet, imiphumela iphakamisa ukuthi le ngxenye ye-spectrum ikhuthaza ukuqoqwa kwama-phenolic compounds esithelweni ngo-1.6-47.4% uma kuqhathaniswa ne-HPSL. Okuqukethwe kwe-carotenoids njengama-metabolites esibili kuncike kukho kokubili okuhlukahlukene kanye nomthombo wokukhanya. Izinhlobo zezithelo ezibomvu zivame ukuhlanganisa okuningi в-carotene ngaphansi kwe-LED eyengeziwe kanye nokukhanya kwe-IND.
Ingxenye eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ye-spectrum idlala indima enkulu ekuqinisekiseni ikhwalithi yezitshalo. Ukwenyuka noma ukulinganisa kwengxenye yayo ku-spectrum ephelele kukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwama-metabolites esibili (i-lycopene, ama-phenols nama-flavonoid), okuholela ekwehleni kwezinto ezomile nokuqukethwe kwezinto eziqinile ezincibilikayo.
Uma kubhekwa umthelela omkhulu wokuhlukahluka kwe-genotypic kutamatisi kanye nobudlelwano bokukhanya, ucwaningo olwengeziwe kufanele luqhubeke lugxile ekuhlanganiseni kwezinhlobo zezitshalo kanye ne-spectra yokukhanya okungeziwe ukuze kwandiswe okuqukethwe kwezinhlanganisela eziphilayo eziphilayo.
ISITATIMENDE SOKUTHOLAKALA KWEDATHA
Idatha eluhlaza esekela iziphetho zalesi sihloko izokwenziwa itholakale ababhali, ngaphandle kokubhukha okungadingekile.
IMIPHAKATHI YOKUXHUMANA
I-IE ibiphethe ukutshalwa kukatamatisi nokuthatha amasampula, umsebenzi waselabhorethri, ukulinganisa okuhlanganisiwe, futhi yaba nesandla ekubhalweni kombhalo wesandla. I-IA yaveza umbono, yaba neqhaza ekuqanjweni nasekuklanyweni kocwaningo, kwaba nokuphatha amasampula katamatisi, umsebenzi waselabhorethri, ukulinganisa okuhlanganisiwe, futhi yaba nesandla ekubhalweni kombhalo wesandla. I-MD ibambe iqhaza ekuqanjweni nasekuklanyweni kocwaningo, ukwenziwa ngcono kwezindlela zokuhlaziya, yahlaziya amasampula elabhorethri, futhi yenza izincomo neziphakamiso. I-RA ibe nesandla ekuhlaziyweni kwezibalo, ekuchazeni idatha, futhi yenza izincomo neziphakamiso mayelana nombhalo wesandla. I-LD ibe nesandla ekuqanjweni nasekuklanyweni kocwaningo, kwaba nokuphatha amasampula katamatisi, umsebenzi waselabhorethri, ukulinganisa okuhlanganisiwe, futhi yenza izincomo neziphakamiso mayelana nombhalo wesandla. Bonke ababhali banikele esihlokweni futhi bagunyaza inguqulo ethunyelwe yombhalo wesandla.
IMALI
Lolu cwaningo luxhaswe yi-Latvian Rural Development Programme 2014-2020 Cooperation, call 16.1 project Nr. 19-00-A01612-000010 Uphenyo lwezixazululo ezintsha kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwendlela entsha yokusebenza kahle nokukhuphuka kwekhwalithi emkhakheni we-greenhouse wase-Latvian (IRIS).
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Ukungqubuzana kwezintshisekelo: Ababhali bamemezela ukuthi ucwaningo lwenziwe ngaphandle kobudlelwane bezentengiselwano noma bezezimali obungahunyushwa njengokushayisana kwezintshisekelo okungenzeka.
Inothi Lomshicileli: Zonke izimangalo ezivezwe kulesi sihloko yilezo zababhali kuphela futhi azimele lezo zezinhlangano ezisebenzisana nazo, noma ezabashicileli, abahleli nababuyekezi. Noma yimuphi umkhiqizo ongase uhlolwe kulesi sihloko, noma isimangalo esingenziwa umkhiqizi wawo, asiqinisekisiwe noma sigunyazwe umshicileli.
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