Izinhlangano zezemvelo kanye nezakhamuzi zibhikishela ukuxhashazwa komhlaba kanye nemithombo yamanzi ka-Odemira ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo.
E-Odemira, Portugal – Uhlezi emzini wakhe esigodini esiwashwe mhlophe esisemagqumeni ase-Alentejo, u-Inácia Cruz oneminyaka engu-92 uthanda ukukhumbula izikhathi ezilula.
“Le ndawo yayicebile ngesinkwa,” esho ngokudangala. “Sasikhiqiza amafutha omnqumo, okusanhlamvu nokhokho. Besingadingi ukuthenga izinto phesheya. Sazilimela ukudla nomakhelwane bayasizana.”
Emashumini eminyaka adlule, wabona uguquko olukhulu lwendawo yase-Odemira, umasipala wasemakhaya esifundeni esiseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Alentejo.
Ngeminyaka yawo-1960, kwakhiwa idamu ngaphansi kombuso wobushiqela wase-Estado Novo, ngezithembiso zokuthi ukuchelela kuzothuthukisa ezolimo futhi kuthuthukise ukukhiqizwa endaweni eyomile. Leli chibi laqanjwa ngegama lesigodi sakwa-Inácia, iSanta Clara.
Ngenkathi abanye abalimi beshintsha amasimu okusanhlamvu, indawo yotshani kanye nefusi bafaka izitshalo eziniselwayo, kwaba ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1980 lapho ukulima kwezimboni kwaqala khona, lapho kwasungulwa amakhulu amahektha ezindlu zama-strawberry greenhouses ngusomabhizinisi ongumFulentshi u-Thierry Roussel. .
'Ama-greenhouses ama-Frenchman'
“Abanye bomakhelwane bami basebenza lapho, ezindlini zokugcina izithombo zomFulentshi, kodwa ibhizinisi labhuntsha futhi abakaze bakhokhelwe amaholo ababewakweleta,” kusho u-Inácia.
Ngisho noxhaso oluvela ku-European Union kanye noxhaso oluvela kuhulumeni wasePortugal kanye nebhange likahulumeni, izindlu zokugcina izithombo ezingamahektha angama-550 (1,359-acre) zaqothuka eminyakeni embalwa nje, zaphetha ngokulahleka okulinganiselwa ku-$30m.
U-Roussel wabaleka e-Portugal, eshiya izikweletu zakhe ngemuva, umhlaba ugcwele upulasitiki nenhlabathi iguguleke ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwamakhemikhali ezolimo.
Kodwa kule minyaka engu-18 edlule, izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe seziphinde zaqala ukutshala imali e-Odemira, zashintsha lesi sifunda saba isizinda sokulima okuqinile kwe-monoculture.
Isimo sezulu esipholile salesi sifunda, esivumela izinkathi zokukhula ezinde, saqala ukuheha abakhiqizi bamajikijolo bamazwe ngamazwe futhi ngo-2004, lapho inkampani yaseMelika iDriscoll's, inkampani yamaberry enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni enezimila ezinelungelo lobunikazi kuphela, isungula izindawo zokugcina izithombo lapho ukuze zondle abantu base-Europe umdlandla wamajikijolo amasha. .
Ukutholakala komhlaba, amanzi asuka endaweni yokugcina amanzi e-Santa Clara kanye nezigidi zama-euro kuxhaso lwezolimo lwe-EU kubhebhethekise ukukhula kokuthunyelwa kwezimpahla okubone ukuthengiswa kwamajikijolo e-Portugal kukhule kakhulu eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule, kungenise imali elinganiselwa ku-250 million euros ($242m) ngo-2020.
Amaphesenti angaphezu kuka-90 amajikijolo akhiqizwayo athunyelwa enyakatho ezindaweni ezinjengeBelgium, iFrance, iJalimane, iNetherlands, iScandinavia, ne-United Kingdom.
I-Inácia ikubona kahle ukushabalala kwezindlela zendabuko zesifunda zokutshala ukudla, ngokusekelwe kumodeli yakudala ye-silvostoral ehlanganisa izihlahla ze-oki nezithelo nezitshalo ezidliwa yimvula kanye nemfuyo.
”Manje kuyihlazo, asikwazi nokuzondla thina. Kufanele sithenge ukolo kwamanye amazwe ukuze sizenzele isinkwa sethu,” kububula u-Inácia ngokungananazi, egwema imodeli enikeza izimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe amalungelo ngokukhiqizwa kwasekhaya okuqhubekayo.
Uthi kuphinde kwasho uguquko ebudlelwaneni bomphakathi.
“Kwakukhona umusa owengeziwe ngaphambili. Ubugovu obuncane, inzondo encane.”
I-Biodiversity hotspot
Nakuba idolobhana lase-Inácia liseduze nendawo yokugcina amanzi ehlinzeka abakhiqizi bamajikijolo, izindawo eziningi zokugcina izithombo zisungulwe ugu, ngaphakathi kwe-Southwest Alentejo kanye ne-Vicentine Coast Natural Park, indawo ethandwa kakhulu yezinto eziphilayo.
”[Iningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Alentejo] ingenye yezindawo zaseYurophu ezilondoloza imvelo eyigugu futhi egcina ugwini lwasendle,” kusho u-Paula Canha, isazi sezinto eziphilayo esinikele ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi waso ekutadisheni ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezihlukile zakule ndawo kanye nezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezikhona.
Ngo-1988, i-Southwest Alentejo yahlukaniswa njengendawo evikelekile. Ngo-1995, yaguqulwa yaba ipaki yemvelo futhi yafakwa kunethiwekhi ye-Natura 2000 yaseYurophu yezindawo ezivikelekile zezindawo ezingavamile nezisengozini.
Kodwa-ke, izinkampani zezolimo ezisebenza kule ndawo ziyaphika ukuthi ibhizinisi lazo linomthelela omkhulu kwezemvelo, zithi uhlelo lokuchelela olusungulwe ngeledamu lwandulela lesi siqiwu futhi kufanele lube seqhulwini kunokongiwa kwemvelo.
”Ezolimo zibalulekile, kodwa zidinga ukuba nemikhawulo. Sidinga ukuthola ukulingana phakathi kokukhiqizwa kokudla nokongiwa,” kusho uCanha.
Izindlu ezibamba ukushisa zimboza ngaphezu kwamahektha ayi-1,700 (amahektha angu-4,200) epaki yemvelo. Ngo-2019, uhulumeni wagunyaza isinqumo sokuvumela indawo lapho kungasungulwa khona izindawo zokugcina izithombo ukuthi ifinyelele kumaphesenti angama-40 wendawo yezolimo eqokiwe ngaphakathi kwepaki, okuvumela izindawo ezimbozwe indawo yokushisa ukuba zicishe ziphindwe kathathu kuye kumahektha ayi-4,800 (amahektha ayi-11,861).
NgokukaCanha, enye yezinkinga ezinkulu ukuntuleka kwemithetho ecacile kanye nokugcinwa komthetho.
“Ukuhlola cishe akukho, kuningi ukunganakwa kweziphathimandla zendawo. Iminyaka eminingi sinezinkampani ezephula umthetho ngaphandle kokujeziswa,” usho kanje.
UMnyango Wezemvelo wase-Portugal kanye neziphathimandla zepaki aziphendulanga izicelo eziningi ze-Al Jazeera zokubeka amazwana ngomthelela wokulima okuqinile endaweni evikelekile. Imeya ka-Odemira yenqabile ukuxoxwa nayo.
Ukwakha ama-greenhouses
Ngokusho kwezazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo kanye nabalondolozi bemvelo, ukulima okuqinile kwe-monoculture kuncike ekusetshenzisweni kwamakhemikhali e-agrochemicals, futhi ukusungula izindawo zokugcina izithombo izinkampani zilinganisa umhlabathi, zikhipha inhlabathi futhi ziyimboze ngepulasitiki.
Amanzi anomanyolo agijimela emifuleni yamanzi futhi angene emhlabathini, angcolise imithombo yamanzi eyivelakancane yesifunda. Umonakalo awunakulungiseka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uCanha uthi, "eziningi zalezi zindawo zokugcina izithombo zisungulwa eduze kwamawa, okubangela ukuguguleka ngokushesha".
“Bacekela phansi isakhiwo senhlabathi kangangokuthi ngeke sikwazi ukusibuyisela. Yonke into engaphansi kukapulasitiki iyafa.”
I-Canha ibiyingxenye yethimba lezazi zebhayoloji kanye nabalondolozi bemvelo abadwebe amachibi esikhashana ayingqayizivele esifundeni saseMedithera, izindawo zokuhlala ezibalulekile ezivikelwe ngaphansi komthetho kazwelonke nowaseYurophu.
Eminyakeni engu-20 edlule, amachibi amaningi aye acekelwa phansi ukuze kwakhiwe izindawo zokugcina izithombo.
"Naphezu kwayo yonke imizamo yethu yokulondoloza la machibi ayingqayizivele, aqhubeka ecekelwa phansi," kusho uRita Alcazar, we-LPN, inhlangano yezemvelo esanda kufaka isikhalazo ngenkampani ephethwe yiBrithani esolwa ngokucekela phansi amachibi amahlanu ukuze kutshalwe ama-strawberry. ukuthumela e-UK naseScandinavia.
Esitatimendeni esithunyelwe nge-imeyili mayelana namachibi, i-AHSA, inhlangano yabalimi bezithelo bakwa-Odemira, itshele i-Al Jazeera "amaphutha ambalwa enziwa esikhathini esidlule", kodwa ukuthi namuhla, "izinkampani zingaphansi kokulawulwa ngokuqinile amakhasimende", futhi uphakamise “izindinganiso eziphakeme kakhulu”.
Ukuvukela ibhizinisi lezolimo
Akuzona nje izinhlangano zezemvelo ezibhikishela ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala ezibalulekile, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi nokungcoliswa kwemithombo yamanzi.
Zicasulwe yisinqumo sikahulumeni sokwandisa indawo lapho kuvunyelwe khona izindawo zokugcina izithombo, izakhamuzi ezimbalwa seziqalile ukuhlela ngokumelene nemboni yezolimo e-Odemira.
“Le ndawo kufanele ivikelwe, kodwa iyekelwa ukuze kuvunwe izithakazelo zezomnotho,” kusho u-Laura Cunha, ohlanganyele nezinye izakhamuzi ukuze bakhe iqembu elithi Juntos pelo Sudoeste (“Ndawonye eNingizimu-ntshonalanga”) ngo-2019.
Kusukela lapho, baye bahlela imibhikisho, babhala izicelo futhi bafunga ukuthi bazoyisa uhulumeni enkantolo ukuze kuvikelwe izitshalo nezilwane zendawo.
Izinkampani zezolimo ziphikisana ngokuthi ziletha utshalomali endaweni empofu, futhi abaningi babheka ukukhula komkhakha njengempumelelo.
Kodwa ku-Juntos pelo Sudoeste, imodeli yezomnotho yezindawo zokugcina izithombo eziqinile incike ekuxhashazweni kwezisebenzi ezivela kwamanye amazwe kanye nemvelo yemvelo.
Izindlu zokugcina izithombo zithembele kakhulu ezintweni ezingenisiwe - kusukela ezitshalweni ezinelungelo lobunikazi, izakhiwo zensimbi namakhava epulasitiki kuya kumakhemikhali ezolimo - kanye nezinkulungwane ze ukusebenza ngokweqile nokuholelwa kancane abasebenzi abafudukayo abafika kakhulu bevela eNingizimu ye-Asia bezokha amajikijolo athambile kakhulu ukuthi angavunwa ngemishini.
"Ayizuzisi imiphakathi yendawo, iqeda amanzi kanye nenhlabathi ukucebisa abambalwa kuphela," uCunha utshela i-Al Jazeera.
“Inkinga enkulu ukuthi umbuso uyakuvuma lokhu, futhi uyaqhubeka nokuvuna ibhizinisi lezolimo,” kusho uCunha.
Ngo-2017, uNdunankulu wasePortugal u-António Costa wavakashela izindawo zokugcina izithombo e-Odemira ekhiqiza ama-raspberries e-Driscoll's, encoma ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe esifundeni.
"Lezi zinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zinomqondo wokuxoxisana, zilapha ukuze zithole inzuzo enkulu ngezinsiza zendawo bese zihamba," kusho u-Diogo Coutinho, owasungula inhlangano i-SOS Rio Mira ukuze imele ukuvikelwa nokuphathwa okuqhubekayo kwemithombo yamanzi endawo. .
Amanzi ayinkinga ebalulekile njengoba i-Portugal ne-Spain zibhekana nesimo sezulu esome kakhulu okungenani iminyaka engu-1,200, njengoba amagagasi okushisa kanye nesomiso esidonsa isikhathi eside kuya ngokuya kuvame.
Imibiko ixwayise lesi sifunda sisengozini yokuba ugwadule ngaphambi kokuphela kwekhulunyaka. Kodwa izidingo zamanzi esifundeni ziyaqhubeka nokwanda.
”Amanzi mancane ngoba linetha kancane. Ngokugawulwa kwamahlathi inhlabathi iba mpofu futhi kuncane ukugcinwa kwamanzi. Kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kuyanda ngoba ukulima okuqinile kuyaqhubeka nokukhula,” kusho uCoutinho, ohlala eduze kwedamu iSanta Clara futhi obone abanye omakhelwane bakhe bephelelwa amanzi.
Amazinga amanzi edamini ehle esuka kumaphesenti angama-96 ngoJulayi 2010 aya kumaphesenti ashaqisayo angama-36 kulo nyaka.
NgokukaCoutinho nezinye izakhamuzi nezishoshovu, inkinga ukusatshalaliswa ngokungafanele kwemithombo yamanzi eyandayo, njengoba inhlangano elawula ukuhlinzekwa kwedamu iphethwe yizinkampani zezolimo ezidla cishe amaphesenti angama-90 amanzi.
U-António Rosa, umlimi otshala amakinati nobhatata endaweni encane, ubengomunye wezakhamuzi zendawo ezingaphezu kwekhulu ezathola incwadi evela enhlanganweni elawula amanzi ezibaxwayisa ngokuthi ngeke besawathola amanzi echibini futhi bazowathola. kufanele uthole omunye umthombo wokunisela.
“Siyanqatshelwa ukuthola amanzi ukuze akwazi ukuqhubeka nokuhlinzeka izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe lapha,” kusho u-Rosa.
“Idamu lakhiwe ngemali yomphakathi kodwa liphethwe ngasese. Yakhelwe ukuhlinzeka abalimi kuphela ezinyangeni ezomile, kodwa lezi zinkampani zidinga ukuchelela unyaka wonke. Imodeli yabo ejulile ayizinzile, inqanyuliwe ngokuphelele endaweni nezimo zendawo,” usho kanje.
Kuye, ikhambi ukubuyela emuva ezimpandeni zesifunda.
“Besijwayele ukutshala izitshalo ezijwayele izindawo ezomile. Besinegunya lokudla kanye nolwazi lwendawo mayelana nendlela yokubhekana nesomiso futhi siphile ngendlela eqhubekayo,” usho kanje. "Sidinga nje ukukwazisa futhi."
Le phrojekthi yathuthukiswa ngokusekelwa yi-Journalismfund.eu.