Iningi lethu alazi ukuthi izithelo nemifino eyandayo itshalwa ezimeni zezimboni, lapho imisoco ivela ikakhulukazi exazululweni likamanyolo owuketshezi, hhayi enhlabathini evundile.
Ingabe kubhekwa njengemikhiqizo etshalwe ngokwemvelo? Noma ingabe amajikijolo okulima noma utamatisi atshalwa emhlabathini ovundile onempilo?
Ubuwazi ukuthi amajikijolo amaningi, utamatisi kanye neminye imifino, efana nopelepele namakhukhamba, okwamanje abhekwa njengezinto eziphilayo e-United States, atshalwa kuma-hydroponics, ngaphandle kwenhlabathi nhlobo?
Lokhu kuyintuthuko eyinqaba ikakhulukazi, uma kubhekwa umnyakazo woMnyango Wezolimo wase-US (i-USDA) ukuthuthukisa izindlela eziphilayo zokutshala ukudla.
Ukulima okuphilayo e-USA
Umthetho Wokukhiqizwa Kokudla Okuphilayo kusukela ngo-1990 wabonisa ngokusobala ukuthi ukugcwaliswa nokugcinwa kokuvunda komhlabathi kuyisisekelo sokulima kwemvelo. Ngo-1995, iNational Organic Standards Board (NOSB), ithimba labaluleki bochwepheshe boMnyango Wezolimo wase-US, yachaza ezolimo eziphilayo ngokuthi “uhlelo lokulawula ukukhiqizwa kwemvelo olukhuthaza futhi luqinise izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, imijikelezo yezinto eziphilayo kanye nomsebenzi webhayoloji womhlabathi.”
Imithethonqubo yoMnyango Wezolimo yase-US ye-Organic Agriculture Regulations ichaza ukulima okuphilayo njengeqoqo lezinqubo “ezisekela ukusakazwa kwezinsiza zasepulazini, ezithuthukisa ukulingana kwemvelo, futhi zilondoloze izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.”
"Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukugcinwa noma ukuthuthukisa izinga lenhlabathi namanzi, ukulondoloza amaxhaphozi, izinkuni, nezilwane zasendle, kanye nokugwema ukusetshenziswa komanyolo owenziwe, udaka lwendle, ukukhishwa kwemisebe kanye nobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo," kusho uMnyango Wezolimo wase-United States esethulweni sawo mayelana ne-organic. izindlela.
Le ngxenye "yokuthuthukiswa kwenhlabathi" ibalulekile ezingqondweni zabalandeli abaningi bokulima okuphilayo. Kuze kube manje, ngo-2010, i-NOSB yancoma ukuthi izinhlelo zokukhiqiza izitshalo ezingafaki inhlabathi, njenge-hydroponics, zivinjelwe ekutholeni isitifiketi se-organic. Kodwa-ke, i-National Organic Programme, ingxenye ye-USDA's Agricultural Marketing Service ebhekele amazinga e-USDA eziphilayo kanye nokugunyazwa kwama-ejenti wokuqinisekisa izitifiketi, ayikasamukeli lesi sincomo.
Ekwindla ka-2017, ngemva kwemizamo emikhulu yokunxenxa ibhizinisi lezolimo, i-NOSB ivotele 8-7 ngokumelene nesincomo sokuvala ukulebula kwezilimo ze-hydroponic njengeziphilayo.
Abanye babize ivoti njengomzuzu wamanzi wohlelo lwe-organic e-United States. Inkinga ye-hydroponics, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi "ephilayo" yokuphakela izilwane ezitokisini kanye nokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kommbila nobhontshisi wesoya okungazange kuqashelwe njengezinto eziphilayo, kuyizici ezibalulekile zalokho abaningi manje abakubheka njengokukhwabanisa kwemvelo noma ukuguguleka kwezindinganiso zemvelo. ezithakazelweni zamabhizinisi amakhulu.
Iyini i-hydroponics?
Izinhlelo ze-Hydroponic zitshala izitshalo emanzini, ngokuvamile nge-inert medium njengamakhoba kakhukhunathi, ukunikeza ukuqina ezimpandeni. Izitshalo zithola umsoco ngamanzi, futhi umhlabathi awubandakanyi kule nqubo.
Njengoba i-hydroponics ingabandakanyi inhlabathi, ayifaki yonke inqubo yokutshala inhlabathi enempilo ekwazi ukusekela ukuphila okucebile kwamagciwane kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo ezinempilo. Abasekeli be-hydroponics bathi le ndlela ikuvumela ukuthi ulondoloze amanzi futhi ukhule izitshalo ngokushesha.
Akubona bonke abasekeli be-hydroponics abavumelana nesinqumo se-NOSB esenziwe ngo-2017.
UDan Lubkeman, umgqugquzeli oshisekayo we-hydroponics, wadumala ngokuthi i-USDA inikeze isimo se-hydroponics semvelo. Ungumongameli we-Hydroponic Society of America (HSA), inhlangano eneminyaka engu-46 ubudala engenzi nzuzo ethuthukisa i-hydroponics.
"Igama elithi 'organic' ladalelwa izitshalo ezitshalwe emhlabathini, futhi i-hydroponics yadalelwa ukukhula ngaphandle kwenhlabathi," esho ku-imeyili.
“Abathengi bafuna ukwazi ukuthi ukudla kwabo kuphephile. Njengoba wazi, igama elithi “organic” linikeza abathengi umuzwa ofudumele wokudla okunempilo ngaphandle kwezibulala-zinambuzane.”
U-Lubkeman uthe abathengi bazimisele ukukhokhela okwengeziwe ngemikhiqizo ye-organic kanye nemibono yokuhlanzeka ehlanganiswa ilebula le-organic.
"Imboni ye-hydroponics ifuna ukusizakala ngalo mbono wabathengi wokuphepha ngaphandle kokuchitha iminyaka ithuthukisa inguqulo yayo yegama elithi "organic." Kulula kubo ukushaja kakhulu futhi ngokushesha ngokuthembela kubalimi bomhlaba. Ngicabanga ukuthi imboni ye-hydroponics ayinalo ilungelo legama elithi organic, ngicabanga ukuthi iwukumaketha okuvilaphayo futhi edukisa umthengi. IHydroorganics iyi-oxymoron (inhlanganisela yemiqondo ephikisanayo) encwadini yami,” kusho yena.
Nakuba ukulebula “okuphilayo” kungase kungafaneleki, futhi kunezinkinga ngokwenziwa komgunyathi kwemikhiqizo yemvelo, kunengqondo kubathengi, futhi imikhiqizo yemvelo ivamise ukwedlula eyejwayelekile. Kepha, ngokusho kukaLubkeman, i-organic ayiyona i-hydroponics, futhi ayidingi ukuba njalo. I-Hydroponics inezinzuzo zayo futhi kufanele ime kuzo, ukholelwa ukuthi.
“Ngokukhiqizwa kwe-hydroponic okuhlelwe kahle, izibulala-zinambuzane, indle yezilwane noma igazi/isidlo samathambo asisetshenziswa, akukho okufakwe umquba, futhi mancane amathuba okuba amagciwane nezifo. Incazelo yami yokudla kwe-hydroponic "ukudla okuningi, indawo encane, amanzi amancane, nesikhathi esincane." IHydroponics inezinzuzo eziningi futhi iyikusasa lezolimo,” usho kanje.
I-Lubkeman kanye ne-HSA akubona bodwa abangavumelani nesimo se-organic se-hydroponics, nakuba amaqembu amaningi aphikisana nayo enza kanjalo ngoba ebona izinzuzo eziyingqayizivele zomhlabathi ezingakhiqizwe kabusha ku-hydroponics.
Embikweni ka-2018 "Amanzi Aphazamisayo: indlela i-hydroponic agribusiness kanye noMnyango Wezolimo wase-US bahlambulule ngayo izinto eziphilayo ngokugunyaza ukulima okungenasisekelo," i-Cornucopia Institute, inhlangano evelele eyengamele imboni ye-organic, ibike ukuthi imithombo ye-hydroponic ekhulayo njengamakhoba kakhukhunathi ayinikezi. ezinye izinzuzo eziningi zomhlabathi wangempela.
"Amalebula kule mikhiqizo "ephilayo" awahlukanisi izitshalo ze-hydroponic kulezo ezitshalwe emhlabathini, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi imikhiqizo enomsoco ophezulu otshalwe emhlabathini idingeka kakhulu phakathi kwabathengi abanolwazi," kusho umbiko.
Konke kumayelana nomhlabathi
Uma sishiya eceleni izinzuzo zokudla okunomsoco we-hydroponics uma kuqhathaniswa nemikhiqizo etshalwe emhlabathini, kunenzuzo enkulu yokulima okuphilayo. Ukulima okuphilayo bekulokhu kusekelwe esimisweni “sokondla inhlabathi, hhayi isitshalo.” Ukulima kwemvelo kweqiniso kuncike ekusebenzeni kwamagciwane enhlabathini, okukhulula kancane kancane umsoco ezitshalweni.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi inhlabathi iyakwazi ukutshala ukudla kwezizukulwane ezizayo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bezitshalo ze-hydroponic eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kusho futhi ukuthi umhlabathi ubuyela esimweni sawo semvelo nomsebenzi ocebile wamagciwane kanye nokuhlukahluka kwemvelo.
Uma kukhulunywa ngezolimo eziphilayo nezijwayelekile, lo mehluko uyabonakala. Ezolimo zendabuko zisebenzisa izibulala-khula ezifana ne-glyphosate ukuze zicekele phansi ezinye izimila, bese ziphakela izitshalo ngomanyolo wamakhemikhali.
Abalimi bezinto eziphilayo kudala bazi ukuthi inhlabathi enempilo idala ukudla okunomsoco, abantu abanempilo kanye nendawo enempilo. Ucwaningo luyakuqinisekisa lokhu. Isihloko sokubuyekezwa kwe-2014 ku-British Journal of Nutrition, ebuyekeze izincwadi ezibuyekezwe ontanga engu-343, ibonise ukuthi ukugxila kwama-antioxidants okuvikela impilo ekudleni okuphilayo kuphezulu, futhi okuqukethwe kwezinsimbi ezinobuthi ezinobuthi nezibulala-zinambuzane kuphansi kunemikhiqizo ye-inorganic.
Ucwaningo, imiphumela yalo eyashicilelwa ngo-Okthoba 2018 kumagazini i-JAMA Internal Medicine, lubonise ukuthi ukudla ukudla okuphilayo kunganciphisa ingozi yomdlavuza. Phakathi nocwaningo, abantu abadala abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-70 babonwa iminyaka emihlanu, iningi labo okungabesifazane.
Ngokwenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali zokwenziwa, okuhlanganisa ne-glyphosate ye-herbicide eyinkinga, ukulima okuphilayo okuqinisekisiwe nakho kuzuzisa imvelo nezilwane zasendle ngezindlela eziningi.
Umzabalazo wokulondolozwa kwenhlabathi ephilayo
Yize ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydroponic “ephilayo” kungasebenzisi izibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali kanye nezibulala-khula, futhi azifaki sandla empilweni yezemvelo yendawo enkulu yeplanethi. Lo mehluko ubonakala usobala kakhulu kubalawuli bezinto eziphilayo emazweni ahlukene.
Ukulebula kwemikhiqizo ye-hydroponic ngokuthi "organic" kwenzeka ikakhulukazi e-United States. E-Canada, e-Mexico nakwamanye amazwe amaningi athuthukile, imikhiqizo ye-hydroponic inqatshelwe ngokusobala ukuthi ilebulwe njenge-organic.
Ukudlondlobala kwemikhiqizo ye-hydroponic “organic” kubalwa amabhizinisi ezinkampani ezisezingeni lezimboni eNingizimu-ntshonalanga naseMexico (kusuka lapho ithunyelwa khona iye e-United States) noma ingeniswe isuka emazweni anjenge-Netherlands, lapho futhi kungekho emthethweni ukuthengisa. imikhiqizo engenasisekelo njenge-organic, ngokusho kombiko ka-2018.
Ochwepheshe emkhakheni wokukhiqiza izinto eziphilayo bathi i-hydroponics ingenye yezinsongo ezinkulu ezimbalwa zobuqotho bohlelo lwe-organic. Omunye wochwepheshe abakhuthaza ukudla okuphilayo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane namazinga okwakusekelwe kuwo - ukutshala emhlabathini onempilo, uDave Chapman, otshala utamatisi wemvelo eLong Wind Farm eVermont.
Phakathi kuka-2011 no-2013, uChapman waqala ukuqaphela okuthile okungajwayelekile mayelana notamatisi we-organic kuzo zonke izitolo zegrosa azivakashele.
"Iqiniso liwukuthi okwamanje iningi lamatamatisi amasha "aqinisekisiwe" ezitolo angama-hydroponic, kanti neminye imifino eminingi izoba yi-hydroponic. I-Organic izosho izinto ezitshalwe ngamanzi ezivela kuma-greenhouse complexes amakhulu, ”kusho yena.
“Ingabe yimikhiqizo yemvelo? Angicabangi kanjalo. Angikaze ngihlangane nomuntu emphakathini ophilayo ongathi, "Yebo, i-organic." Akekho okholelwa ukuthi lezi zindlela kufanele zibe yizinto eziphilayo, ngaphandle kwabantu abaziphethe. ”
Omunye walaba bantu uJim Krasus, i-CEO yenkampani ye-Edible Garden.
I-Edible Garden ithi ikhiqiza “imikhiqizo yasendaweni evumelana nemvelo etshalwe ezindlini zokugcina izithombo ezinokukhiqizwa okungenamfucuza.” Inkampani isebenza nezindawo zokugcina izithombo zendawo ukuze ithole imikhiqizo, ngokusho kwakhe, abathengi abangayethemba.
“I-Edible Garden iyalamukela ithuba lokutshala izitshalo ze-organic eziqinisekisiwe ku-hydroponics kanye nezimo ze-CEA (Controlled Environment Agriculture), njengabakhiqizi bensimu bendabuko. Lolu phawu lokusekelwa oluvela eMnyangweni Wezolimo wase-US luzovumela abathengi ukuthi ekugcineni bazuze ekukhethweni okubanzi kwemikhiqizo ye-organic ezitolo zasendaweni, ”kusho uKrasus engxoxweni ye-imeyili.
Izinkampani ezifana ne-Edible Garden zikhiqiza imikhiqizo engenazo izibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali nezibulala-zinambuzane, kodwa abagxeki abafana noChapman bathi lokho akwanele.
U-Chapman ukholelwa ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuthi abakhiqizi be-hydroponic bavuselele izimo zenhlabathi.
“Ukudla okunomsoco ku-hydroponics akuveli ekusebenzisaneni okuyinkimbinkimbi kwamaminerali nama-microbe izitshalo zasemhlabeni ezithembele kuwo eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-500 edlule. Yisikhathi eside. Kukhona osekucacile ngenqubo yalokhu kuguquka ngokuhlanganyela,” usho kanje. —Kuyisimiso sezinto eziphilayo esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu lapho izitshalo ziphakela khona amagciwane asenhlabathini, futhi amagciwane ondla izitshalo.”
Ukuhlunga Ngokudideka
I-Hydroponics iwukusuka okukhulu endleleni isitshalo sondleka ngayo ngokwemvelo, nakuba abasekeli be-hydroponics abafana no-Lubkeman bethi i-hydroponics yenza kube lula ukuthi isitshalo sibambe izakhi ezingaphili, ezicutshunguliwe ezitholakala ezintweni eziphilayo ezifana ne-nitrogen, i-phosphorus ne-potassium.
Kodwa kulabo abafuna ukwenza okungaphezu nje kokugwema izinto ezinobuthi kwezolimo futhi bafuna ukugcina uhlelo lokukhiqiza ukudla olunakekela impilo yenhlabathi, i-hydroponics ayifaneleki.
Enye yezindlela zokugwema ukuthenga i-hydroponics—imikhiqizo ekhulile ephawulwe ngokuthi “organic” iwukubhekisela “Kumihlahlandlela yokwenqatshwa kwemikhiqizo ye-Groundless Organic”, i-Cornucopia Institute eyidalele abathengi. Ibala izinhlobo zemikhiqizo ekhulisa imikhiqizo yazo kuma-hydroponics noma ngaphandle kwenhlabathi.
Izindlela zokukhetha imikhiqizo ye-organic etshalwe emhlabathini
Kungcono nakakhulu ukuthola imikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo kanye nezimpahla ezitshalwe emhlabathini ngokunaka amalebula amabili engeziwe e-USDA Organic. Abalimi nabasekeli bemikhuba eqinile ye-organic abazange balulahle uhlelo lwe-USDA Organic, kodwa bathathe izinyathelo zokuluthuthukisa ukuze balondoloze ubuqotho bezolimo zangempela zemvelo.
Real Organic Project
Ngemva kwemizamo engaphumelelanga yokususa ama-hydroponics emikhiqizweni ebizwa ngokuthi i-USDA Organic, u-Chapman waba ngomunye wabasunguli be-Real Organic Project, inhlangano yokulima eyakhiwe ukuze kugqanyiswe imikhiqizo etshalwe emhlabathini kanye nemikhiqizo etshalwe emadlelweni ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-USDA Organic.
I-Real Organic Project isebenza njengophawu olwengeziwe emikhiqizweni yemvelo eqinisekisiwe, okungukuthi, iqinisekisa kuphela lawo mapulazi asevele enesitifiketi se-USDA Organic.
Ukuthola isitifiketi se-Real Organic Project akubizi mali, njengoba uhlelo lokunikeza izitifiketi luxhaswa abathengi, abalimi kanye nezinhlangano ezizimele ezifuna ukuhlukanisa amapulazi akhulisa izilwane zabo kanye nezitshalo ngokuvumelana nencwadi nomoya wezindinganiso zemvelo eziqinisekisiwe.
I-Real Organic Project (ROP) iqinisekise amapulazi angama-60 onyakeni wayo wokuqala wokusebenza (2018); ekupheleni kuka-2022, amapulazi ayi-1,100 azoqinisekiswa yi-ROP. Ungakwazi futhi ukucinga imikhiqizo enelogo ye-ROP ekudleni okukhiqizwa kulawa mapulazi. Funda kabanzi kuwebhusayithi RealOrganicProject.org.
Isitifiketi se-Regenerative Organic
I-Regenerative Organic Certified (ROC) ingesinye isitifiketi esisha sokudla, ifayibha kanye nezithako zokunakekela komuntu siqu. Idalwe ngo-2017 iqembu labalimi, abaholi bamabhizinisi kanye nochwepheshe ababizwa nge-Regenerative Organic Alliance, i-ROC yamukela ukulima okuphilayo bese iphakamisa izinga ngokubeka phambili ukuthuthukisa impilo yomhlabathi nokudala ikhabhoni emhlabathini, ukufuywa kwezilwane zamadlelo kanye nobulungiswa bezenhlalakahle kubasebenzi basemapulazini. Funda kabanzi kuwebhusayithi Regenorganic.org.
UMelissa Diana Smith ungumxhumanisi wezokudla okuphelele kanye nentatheli osekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwengu-25 ebhala ngezihloko zezempilo. Ungumbhali wezincwadi eziningana eziphathelene nokudla okunomsoco, okuhlanganisa "I-Syndrome X", "Ukulwa Nokudla Okusanhlamvu", "I-Gluten-Free for A Year" kanye "Ne-Going Against GMOs".
Umthombo: https://www.epochtimes.ru